1. NATS 101 Lecture 2 Basic weather symbols and fronts

2. We describe weather in terms of: temperaturewindpatterns humiditycloudsvisibility pressureprecipitationsunlight/UV We “feel” weather as the heat we feel, the “weight” of the air we breathe. If we observe these weather elements at an instance in time, then we obtain a measure of the weather If we measure these weather elements over many years, then we obtain the “climate” of the region. Therefore: -climate represents an average of daily weather over a long period of time -Weather is the instantaneous condition of the atmosphere.

3. “Climate is what we expect” “Weather is what we get”

4. Atmospheric pressure impacts every aspect of weather although we do not easily recognize differences in pressure. - Air moves from high pressure to low pressure → wind - Air tends to rise in regions of low pressure and sink in regions of high pressure Pressure Units: mb, hPa, inches Hg, mm Hg Wind Units: m/s, mph, km/h, kts Pressure and Wind

5. - tends to change gradually in horizontal or vertical directions - also changes with time for the same weather system → diurnal cycle - the only place there are rapid changes in temperature is in the vicinity of fronts Units:- °C, °F, K Temperature

6. - Two common ways to express the amount of water vapor in the air - Relative Humidity:- is the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount that could be present in the air. Units: % -Dew Point Temperature:- T d > 15°C is humid. T d > 20°C is very uncomfortable. T d < 5°C is dry. Moisture: water vapor

7. L H Fronts: Cold air Warm air Cold air Warm air Cold frontWarm frontStationary front Pressure Systems: low pressure high pressure Surface Map:

8. Upper-level Maps: 500 mb (hPa)(5 – 6 km or 16000 – 19000 ft)

9. Upper-level Maps: 300 mb (hPa)(9 – 10 km or 30,000 – 33,000 ft)

10. Weather Map Symbols Ref:- pg 525, Appendix C, Aguado and Burt N dd ff TT C M PPP CHCH VV ww  ppa T d T d C L N h WR t h RR N – total cloud cover dd – wind direction ff – wind speed (kts) ww – present weather PPP – barometric pressure (hPa) (add a 9 or 10 and place a decimal point to the left of last number) TT– air temperature in °F T d T d - dewpoint temperature in °F VV    ppa 34 C M 247 CHCH 30 C L N h WR t h RR Z (UTC) = MST + 7i.e., 0000 UTC = 5:00 pm MDT 1200 UTC = 5:00 am MDT

11. Some basics of Frontal Systems (Chapter 9) 1.Fronts are boundaries that separate air masses with differing temperature and other characteristics. 2.Often represent boundaries between polar and tropical air - marked by sharp temperature changes over a relatively short distance. 3.Cold air is typically more dense than warm air → no mixing. Instead, the denser air forces the warmer air upward. 5.Fronts are marked by wind shifts. 4.This lifting of air upward can cause cloud formation and precipitation. 6.Fronts are marked by pressure and pressure changes.

12. Fronts: Cold air Warm air Cold air Cold front Warm front Stationary front Types of fronts: Cold air Warm air Occluded front Warm air Cold air Cooler air

13. Cold Fronts Cold fronts occur when a cold air mass “catches up” with a warm, generally unstable, air mass. Cold air Warm air (relatively) 23°C3°C-2°C-25°C Day Birmingham St. Louis Minneapolis 15°C5°C0°C0°C-5°C3 -12°C-28°C Cold air Warm air Cold air advection

14. Cold Fronts The cold air catches up with the warm air and it… - The thunderstorms can produce very intense precipitation. - They only form right along the frontal boundary, - the fast movement of these fronts means that the precipitation is usually of short duration and clearing skies will soon follow. The cold air mass moves in a different direction (W through N) than the warm air mass ( SW through S). It is also moving faster. 1. pushes the warm, unstable air up because the cold air is denser 2. the cold air has a steep slope, because friction causes the lowest winds to slow down compared with winds higher up 3. unstable rising air mass produces cumulo-type (thunderstorm) clouds

15. So what would our observer on the ground expect to see and feel with the passage of a “classic” cold front? West-northwesterlyGusty, shiftingSouth-southwesterly Winds Steadily droppingSudden dropWarm Temperature Rising steadily Minimum, then sharp rise falling steadily Pressure Often cumulus Strong cumulus clouds Increasing cumulus- type clouds Clouds Decreasing intensity, then clearing Heavy showers of rain or snow, sometimes with hail, thunder, and lightening Short period of showers Precipitation loweringSharp drop High: remains steady Dew Point After PassingWhile PassingBefore PassingWeather element

17. Warm Fronts Warm fronts occur when a warm, stable air mass “catches up” with a colder air mass. Cold air (relatively) Warm air Cold air Warm air Warm air advection

18. The warm air is moving faster than the cold air. The warm air is less dense than the cold air The warm air “runs up” along the cold air boundary, which is not as steep as in the cold front case (over-running). There are three consequences of this. 3.The precipitation out of this stratiform type cloud tends to be light and continuous, but owing to the large horizontal area of the cloud, and slow movement of these kinds of fronts, the rain can persist for days. 2.The warm air is stable and so it doesn’t form cumulo-type clouds as in the cold front case. Instead, as it is forced to rise, it condenses gradually forming a series of stratiform clouds, in a broad area. 1.The clouds and precipitation form well ahead of the surface front.

19. So what would our observer on the ground expect to see and feel with the passage of a “classic” warm front? south-southwesterlyvariableSouth-southeasterly Winds Warmer, then steadySteady rise Cool – cold slowly warming Temperature Slight rise, followed by fall Leveling offUsually falling Pressure Clearing with scattered Sc Stratus-type clouds Ci, Cs, As, Ns, St, fog Clouds Usually none, sometimes light rain or showers Drizzle or none Light-to-moderate rain, snow, sleet, or drizzle Precipitation Rise, then steadysteadySteady rise Dew Point After PassingWhile PassingBefore PassingWeather element

20. Stationary Fronts Stationary fronts occur when the front stalls. Cold air Warm air No air advection The structure is the same as in other fronts, with the front sloping over the cold air mass. There is no air movement across the frontal boundary, thus, there is no real weather.

21. Occluded Fronts Are associated with midlatitude cyclones that have both a cold front and a warm front associated with them. Occlusion refers to “closure”. In this case, a faster moving cold front closes with the warm front.

22. As the cold front reaches the warm front, (and thus the cooler air in front of the warm front), the warm air mass is separated from the surface. Because at the surface, the cold air mass is now “catching up” with a cooler air mass rather than a warm air mass the temperature change observed at the surface is not as dramatic.

23. An additional change is that now the warm, unstable air is no longer being strongly lifted by the cold front. Thus, where the occlusion has occurred, only stable stratiform cloud develops accompanied by light but persistent rain similar to the warm front. The cooler air that has replaced the warm air at the surface is not unstable.

24. Fronts: Cold air Warm air Cold air Cold front Warm front Stationary front Summary:- Types of fronts: Cold air Warm air Occluded front Warm air Cold air Cooler air L