1. 2014 Beltwide: Time of Day Influence on Control of Palmer Amaranth by Dicamba Tank Mixes Culpepper, Eure, Grey, Fowler

2. Managing Off-Target Movement

3. 2012 Georgia Fruit and Vegetables Approximately 200,000 acres 45 different crops 3rd in U.S. vegetable production acres Farm Gate Value: $1,200,000,000

4. Percentage of Time Wind is < 10 MPH May 1 – June 30, 2012*

6. Liberty Treatments (32 oz/A) 1 hr before sunrise6 hr before sunset ½ hr before sunrise4 hr before sunset At sunrise 2 hr before sunset ½ hr after sunrise 1 hr before sunset 1 hr after sunrise ½ hr before sunset 2 hr after sunrise At sunset 4 hr after sunrise ½ hr after sunset 6 hr after sunrise 1 hr after sunset Study 1: MorningStudy 2: Evening

7. 48 d 34 e 39 de 1 hr before sunrise 66 c Palmer Control by Liberty System as Influenced by Time of Day. Late-Season in GA, LA, MS, NC, TN. Time of Day Liberty was Applied % 93 a 90 ab 82 b 93 a 1/2 hr before sunrise 1 hr after sunrise 2 hr after sunrise 4 hr after sunrise 6 hr after sunrise sunrise1/2 hr after sunrise *Liberty POST 1 (5” Palmer), Liberty POST 2 (15 d later), Diuron + MSMA layby

8. Liberty Application Time of Day; Morning Application; GA 2 hr or after

9. 99 a 6 hr before sunset 99 a Palmer Control by Liberty as Influenced by Time of Day. Late-Season in GA and NC. Time of Day Liberty was Applied % 69 c 91 b 97 a 64 c 4 hr before sunset 1/2 hr before sunset sunset1/2 hr after sunset 1 hr after sunset 2 hr before sunset 1 hr before sunset *Liberty POST 1 (5” Palmer), Liberty POST 2 (18 d later), Diuron + MSMA layby

10. Liberty Application Time of Day; Evening Application; NC 2012 2 weeks after second POST application 2 hr before sunset 1 hr before sunset 1/2 hr before sunset 1 hr after sunset

11. Time of Day Influence on 2,4-D

12. Treatments 2,4-D RU + 2,4-D Liberty Liberty + 2,4-D Herbicides 1 AM 7 AM 1 PM 7 PM Time 2,4-D 1 qt/A; Roundup Wmax 1 qt/A; Liberty 29 oz/A

13. 78 a 41 b 37 b 76 a Palmer Control by 2,4-D Systems. Macon County, 2011 and 2012. Time of Day 2,4-D Applied % 7 PM POST 1 (5-8” Palmer), POST 2 (15 d later), Diuron + MSMA layby 1 PM7 AM1 AM

14. 93 a 32 b 39 b 89 a Palmer Control by RU + 2,4-D Systems. Macon County, 2011 and 2012. Time of Day RU + 2,4-D Applied % 7 PM POST 1 (5-8” Palmer), POST 2 (15 d later), Diuron + MSMA layby 1 PM7 AM1 AM

15. 95 a 25 c 37 b 99 a Palmer Control by Liberty Systems. Macon County, 2011 and 2012. Time of Day Liberty Applied % 7 PM POST 1 (5-8” Palmer), POST 2 (15 d later), Diuron + MSMA layby 1 PM7 AM1 AM

16. 96 a 57 b 93 a 99 a Palmer Control by Liberty + 2,4-D Systems. Macon County, 2011 and 2012. Time of Day Liberty + 2,4-D Applied % 7 PM POST 1 (5-8” Palmer), POST 2 (15 d later), Diuron + MSMA layby 1 PM7 AM1 AM

17. 2,4-D w/ glyphosate fb 2,4-D w/ glyphosate 7 AM 2,4-D w/ glyphosate fb 2,4-D w/ glyphosate 1 PM GR Palmer Control

18. 2,4-D w/ glufosinate fb 2,4-D w/ glufosinate 7 AM 2,4-D w/ glufosinate fb 2,4-D w/ glufosinate 1 PM GR Palmer Control

19. Palmer Response to Dicamba Clarity + Roundup Clarity + Liberty Herbicides 5 AM 6:30 AM 8 AM 9:30 AM 11 AM Time Clarity 12 oz; Roundup WMAX 32 oz, Liberty 32 oz

20. Palmer Response to Dicamba Clarity + Roundup Clarity + Liberty Herbicides 5 AM 6:30 AM 8 AM 9:30 AM 11 AM Time Clarity 12 oz; Roundup WMAX 32 oz, Liberty 32 oz Liberty and WMAX at 5 and 11 AM

21. 89 a 74 b72 b 5 AM 90 a Palmer Control by Dicamba Mixes as Influenced by Time of Day. Macon 2013. 20 DAT. Time of Day RU + Clarity Applied % 93 a 6:30 AM 11 AM 8 AM9:30 AM Palmer: 4 to 7 inch

22. 89 a 74 b72 b 5 AM 90 a Palmer Control by Dicamba Mixes as Influenced by Time of Day. Macon 2013. 20 DAT. Time of Day RU + Clarity or Liberty + Clarity Applied % 93 a 6:30 AM 11 AM 8 AM9:30 AM 59 c 64 c 92 a 94 a 91 a Palmer: 4 to 7 inch

23. 5:00 AM 6:30 AM Roundup + Clarity

24. 8:00 AM 9:30 AM Roundup + Clarity

25. 26 b 5 AM Palmer Control by Liberty as Influenced by Time of Day. Macon 2013. 20 DAT. Time of Day Liberty Applied % 11 AM 84 a Palmer: 4 to 7 inch

26. 16 b 5 AM Palmer Control by Roundup as Influenced by Time of Day. Macon 2013. 20 DAT. Time of Day Roundup Applied % 11 AM 56 a Palmer: 4 to 7 inch

27. 16 b 5 AM Palmer Control by Roundup as Influenced by Time of Day. Macon 2013. 20 DAT. % 11 AM 56 a HIGHLY RESISTANT POPULATION Time of Day Roundup Applied Palmer: 4 to 7 inch

28. 8 AM 11 AM Roundup WeatherMax

29.  Humidity  Temperature (air and soil)  Moon  Sunlight  Clouds  Leaf orientation  Dew (herbicide drip)  Soil moisture Environmental Conditions Measured

30. Leaf Closure Prior to Sunrise

32. 14 C Cooperative Efforts: Bayer : glufosinate Dow : 2,4-D Monsanto: dicamba (results late Jan)

33. Questions/Comments