1. Make it easier to change the pictures: Use the Selection Pane to temporarily hide a Picture Placeholder. (Home tab, Select, Selection Pane). Click the eye icon to hide or show an object. To change the sample image, select the picture and delete it. Now click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image. If you don’t see the Pictures icon, click the Reset button (Home tab, Slides, Reset). The animation is already done for you; just copy and paste the slide into your existing presentation. Sample picture courtesy of Bill Staples.

2. Why Do Educators Need to Understand Laws Which Pertain to Students with Disabilities? Provide all students with the opportunity to learn Learn from all students Prevent schools from making mistakes (which could be costly) Assist new administrators in learning important concepts

3. Disability Awareness In order to better understand why laws for students with disabilities were created, it can be helpful to gain insight into why these laws were created. Knowing the mistakes of the past can help us not make future mistakes.

4. Disability Awareness: Learning Disabilities Pair up with someone at your table. If there is a group of three, one person will give directions and the other two students will follow directions. One (or two) partner(s) takes a sheet of paper from the folder. She/he must draw the shape following the first student’s directions. Student giving directions: Have your partner(s) draw the picture you have been given. What were the problems? What would have helped?

5. Make it easier to change the pictures: Use the Selection Pane to temporarily hide a Picture Placeholder. (Home tab, Select, Selection Pane). Click the eye icon to hide or show an object. To change the sample image, select the picture and delete it. Now click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image. If you don’t see the Pictures icon, click the Reset button (Home tab, Slides, Reset). The animation is already done for you; just copy and paste the slide into your existing presentation. Sample picture courtesy of Bill Staples. For many years, students with disabilities were not allowed to attend school. Horace Mann sought to change this.

6. Compulsory Attendance Laws Horace Mann believed that immigrants needed to build ideals and beliefs that were in accordance with America’s beliefs The way to ensure common beliefs were developed was start with the schools Compulsory Attendance Laws came into effect

7. Brown Vs. Board of Education Law which changed the rights of African American students and set the stage for changes in laws related to students with disabilities. The Supreme Court found that African American students who attended segregated schools did not receive an education equal to their Caucasian peers. The Court found this to be unconstitutional

8. Rights for Students with Disabilities Because of the outcome of the Brown decision, parents of students with disability came forward and began demanding rights for their children. Special Education Laws Came into Being

9. Equal Access to Education As you can see from our activities, all students can learn. Laws have been put in place to help ensure that there is no discrimination in schools.

10. IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1975)

11. Important Laws for Which Educators Need to be Familiar Rowley: An Appropriate Education Requires “Some Educational Benefit.” Rowley was an important case because it established a broad standard to measure whether the IEP provides an appropriate education. Under the Rowley decision, an IEP must provide some educational benefit. Thus, the natural question is what is some educational benefit? Difficult to measure because all students are unique. Students must receive an appropriate education for their abilities.

12. Least Restrictive Environment Depends on Four Factors 1.What the educational benefits of placing a student in a regular education classroom verses a special education classroom? 2.Examine the benefits of a special education student interacting with their non-disabled student. 3.The effect the special education student will have on the teacher and other students in the regular classroom. 4.The costs of mainstreaming students with disabilities

13. Parent’s Right to Participate Amanda J: The Failure to Provide Critical Information is a Denial of the Parent's Right to Participate. This case involves a school failing to inform the parents of Amanda that, after their tests, she exhibited signs of autism. The parents were notified a year after her initial evaluation They sued the school The courts sided with the parents, indicating that because they had been denied this information about their daughter, she had been denied a free and appropriate education.

14. Shapiro: Failure to Include Certain IEP Team Members is a Denial of FAPE. Public schools are required to hold IEP meetings for students who do not attend their school, but reside in their district. In this case, Shapiro attended a private school. The public school in his district was required to hold an annual IEP. They failed to invite his private school teacher. The courts found that the failure of the school to invite this teacher was a denial of FAPE for this student. The public school did not have all the necessary information to write an adequate IEP in the absence of this teacher.

15. Tatro: Related Services Include Health Services that don’t Require a Licensed Physician Amber Tatro is a student with cerebral palsy who requires catheterization. The public school she attended refused to perform this every four hours even though it meant she would not be able to attend an entire school day. The school argued that they were not doctors and should not perform these duties for her. The court disagreed saying that schools have a responsibility to make sure all students receive FAPE. Not performing this procedure, which does not require a physician, means the student does not receive FAPE. Schools must perform such procedures

16. Settlegoode vs. Portland Public Schools Interesting case in which a special education teacher was reprimanded for supporting her students against a school system who was not upholding the law of FAPE School reacted against her, with negative evaluations and firing although previous evaluations had been favorable. Court awarded her $1,000,000. School administrators need to be diplomatic.