1. Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter Ground Course)
Lecture 15
R22 Flight Safety (SFAR)
Pre-flight, Pre-start and Shut Down

2. Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter Ground Course)
Lecture 16
Hangar visit
Ground Demo: Pre-flight, Pre-start
Written Assessment

3. L15 - RHC Safety Alert  Low G - Pushovers  Low RPM Rotor Blade Stall
 Settling with power
 Carburetor Ice
 Power Lines
 Night Flight + Bad Wx
 Airplane Pilots High Risk
RHC Safety Course Movie 16:50-19:00

4. L15 - Low G - Pushover (No Practice)
 Tail rotor pushes ship to roll R
 Pilot tend to control cyclic to L
 Mast tilt to its limit
 Stopper chop the mast
 Cause mast bumping
 Mast may come off in flight
 Action to cure:
Aft cyclic to reload then roll Left

5. L15 - Low RPM rotor stall (No Practice)
 sound and light warning (<97%)
 pilot raise collective worsen case
 main rotor decay very fast
 Blade stall fell or blow back
 Cut off tail cone
 Fall straight down
 Action to cure:
Roll throttle on then lower collective

6. L15 - Settling with power  Push down by own MR downwash
 High descent rate and slow speed
 <300 fps before <30 KIAS
 lower descent rate before reduce speed
 Action to cure:
Fore /sideway cyclic to escape the MR downwash

7. L15 - Carburetor Icing (No Practice)
 Latent heat drawn from vaporized fuel
 Ice formed from water vapour around venturi tube
 Causes: in (1) Cool temp or (2) high humidity and
(3) when reduce power at/below 18” MP
 Action to prevent: Apply Cab heat
(1) before reduce to 18” MP (2) CAT enter yellow arc

9. L15 - Power Lines RHC Safety Course Movie 06:54-07:50
 Avoid below 500 ft
 Fly above the tower /pole
 Look around

10. L15 - Night Flight and Bad Weather
 No Heli flying without horizon ref
 No actual IFR flying
 Keep visual on horizon
 avoid IMC
 Action to follow just in case IMC:
(1) Rely on attitude instrument flying (2) climb to safe altitude and (3) call assistance and look for VMC landing

11. L15 - Airplane Pilot flying attitude
 Different airspeed concept
 Stall recovery reflex reaction
 Golden rule to avoid mishaps:
Practice makes perfect /w CFIs

12. L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22Yr
Total Engine Pilot Other
% 7% 92% 1%
No. of R22 in op in 1980: 35
No. of R22 in op in 1994: 745
No. of R22 in op in 2004: (3700)

13. L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22
UK R22 only 2 in-flight breakup
Japan - Use for tuna fishing, 110/month, No single breakup, low RPM, mast bumping
Australia - Cattle mustering, few breakup of similar type

14. L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22
Primary Causes:
(1) Wire strike
(2) Low RPM blade stall
(3) Continue enter IMC

15. L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22
In 1995 FAA suggestion
to cure Low RPM blade stall
- install a new rotor governor system
- training pilots on throttle/collective control not relying on governor/ correlator

16. L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22
to cure Low RPM blade stall
- Re-design the cyclic control so as more easy for each pilot to gain control
- Remain unchanged use T-bar cyclic
(1) New design heavier
(2) More danger if leaning forward accidentally
(3) Get use to old design by many pilots

17. L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22
Facts to note:
(1) Number of R22
Av yr
%>

18. L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22
Facts to note:
(2) Most surviving Low RPM cases
- Backside of the power curve
- Downwind approach
- High density altitude

19. L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22
Facts to note:
(3) 30% of engine failure due to
- Carb ice during practice auto

20. L15 - NTSB 90-2K Acc (Engine type)
Year Total Recip Turbo Other
(57%) (42%) (1%)
(62%) (34%) (4%)
(55%) (33%) 25 (11%)
(51%) (42%) 13 (7%)
(45%) (48%) 15 (7%)
(51%) (46%) (3%)
(43%) (54%) (3%)
(47%) (46%) 12 (7%)
(51%) (43%) 13 (6%)
(38%) (50%) 27 (13%)
(35%) (40%) 57 (25%)
Total (48%) (43%) 183 (8%)

21. L15 Emergency Procedures
1. Emergency locator transmitter
2. Emergency VHF frequency
3. Transponder codes
Emergency
Lost
Hijack

22. Emergency Location Transmitter

23. ELT

24. ELT

25. L15 Frequency & Transponder code
Emergency MHz
“May Day May Day May Day”
“Pan Pan Pan”
Transponder
Emergency-7700
Lost
Hijack

26. Helicopter Safety Settling with Power – Gyroplane
Settling with Power - CH47
Dynamic Roll over – B206
Nearly Roll over – R44

27. L16 R22 Preflight, Prestart & Shutdown Check