1. Physical and Chemical Changes Pure Substances Mixtures States of Matter

2. Everything that has mass and takes up space (“volume”) is called matter.

3. Physical properties How the item looks, smells, behaves when it is not changing its identity. Chemical properties Can only be observed when a chemical change occurs. Explain how reactive it is. What it reacts with.

6. submicroscopic (too small to see) OR macroscopic (big enough to see) physical OR chemical

7. 1. Substance changes in form or appearance but does not change its chemical composition. o Ex1: all phase changes (ex: ice melting) o Ex2:cutting a piece of wood into small pieces 2. Properties of that substance are the same o Ex: melting point o Ex: boiling point o Ex: chemical composition 3.Can be reversible* or irreversible

8. 1. A substance changes into something new. 2. Occurs due to a chemical reaction. 3. Properties of the original substance change. Ex:the density, melting point or freezing point of original substance changes. 4. Common signs of a chemical change are often observed (Ex: bubbles form, mass changes, heat releases, etc). 5. Usually irreversible.

9. Classifying Matter by Composition (what it’s made of) Substance Mixture ALL MATTER IS EITHER A OR Leave room in notes for a matter flow chart.

10. 1. Cannot be further broken down by physical means. 2. Is pure matter 3. Has its own characteristic properties that are different from those of any other substance. 4. Has fixed composition-every sample is the same throughout 5. Is either an element or a compound.

11. Compounds Made of 2+ elements combined chemically. Can be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes. Elements always in a definite ratio Ex: H 2 O, NaCl Elements Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes Ex: H, He, Li, Va

12. 1. 2 or more substances that are put together but NOT chemically combined. 2. Components retain their characteristic properties 3. May be separated into pure substances by physical methods 4. Composition varies from sample to sample.

13. Homogeneous- same composition throughout ex: Kool-Aid Heterogeneous- different composition throughout large pieces-easily separated by physical means (ex: density, filtration) ex: salad dressing

14. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures in which there is a solvent& a solute. Examples: sugar water, 40% isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol, brass Solvent: substance that dissolves another substance. Ex: water Solute: substance that is being dissolved. Ex: sugar

15. Solutions in which the solvent is water!

16. homogenous mixtures in which 2 or more metals have been combined. Examples: steel, 10 carat gold

17. Separating Mixtures Filtration Process that separates a solid from a liquid Uses a filter that has holes that allow liquid to escape, but solid particles are too large Decanting Pouring a liquid off the top of a solid or another liquid. Distillation separates a sol’n in which the solvent has a low BP & the solute has a high BP. Boil away the solvent, then collect in a separate container. see picture on p 47 (CHemIH) or

18. Distillation Apparatus

19. Matter cannot be created nor destroyed. It is just converted from one form to another.

20. STATES OF MATTER ARE: Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Others KMT: Particles of matter are in constant motion

21. Have a definite shape Particles are in fixed positions Have a definite volume Particles touch so they can’t be compressed Particles move: they vibrate & rotate

22. Have no definite shape Particles “flow” past one another. Move more rapidly & freely than in solids. Have a definite volume Particles touch so they can’t be compressed

23. Have an indefinite shape Particles “flow” past one another. Have an indefinite volume Particles are far apart from one another Particles move more quickly than in liquids.

24. Ionized gas-made of ions and their freed electrons Most common state of matter in the universe-about 99% of known matter. Least common on Earth Found in plasma TVs, fluorescent lights

26. PRODUCTS IN WHICH PLASMAS ARE USED: (Be able to list a few) Computer chips &integrated circuits Computer hard drives Electronics Machine tools Medical implants&prosthetics Audio and video tapes Aircraft & auto engine parts Printing on plastic food containers Energy-efficient window coatings High-efficiency window coatings Safe drinking water Voice and data communications components Anti-scratch and anti-glare coatings on eyeglasses and other optics

27. Plasma-Based Water Treatment for Water Sterilization intense UV emission disables the DNA of micro- organisms in the water which then can’t replicate. no effect on taste or smell of the water and the technique only takes about 12 seconds.

28. effective against all water-born bacteria and viruses. especially relevant to the needs of developing countries b/c they can be made simple to use and have low maintenance and low cost. use about 20,000 times less energy than boiling water! Plasma-Based UV Water Treatment Sytems, cont.

29. FYI: The slides that follow are for your interest (Don’t need to copy any more from this slide show.)

30. Sir William Crookes, an English physicist, identified a fourth state of matter, now called plasma, in 1879 The word "PLASMA" was first applied to ionized gas by Dr. Irving Langmuir, an American chemist and physicist, in 1929.

31. (Above) X-ray view of Sun from Yohkoh, ISAS and NASA ISASNASA Star formation in the Eagle Nebula Space Telescope Science Institute, NASA Space Telescope Science InstituteNASA (below)

32. Plasma radiation within the Princeton Tokamak during operation.

33. Laser plasma interaction during inertial confinement fusion test at the University of Rochester.

34. PLASMA a collection of free-moving electrons and ions - atoms that have lost electrons. Energy is needed to strip electrons from atoms to make plasma. The energy can be of various origins: thermal, electrical, or light (ultraviolet light or intense visible light from a laser). With insufficient sustaining power, plasmas recombine into neutral gas.

35. Plasma can be accelerated and steered by electric and magnetic fields which allows it to be controlled and applied. Plasma research is yielding a greater understanding of the universe. It also provides many practical uses: new manufacturing techniques, consumer products, and the prospect of abundant energy.

36. Products manufactured using plasmas impact our daily lives:

37. Waste processing Coatings and films Electronics Computer chips and integrated circuits Advanced materials (e.g., ceramics) High-efficiency lighting Plasma technologies are important in industries with annual world markets approaching $200 billion

38. Drastically Reduce Landfill Size Environmental impact:

39. High-temperature plasmas in arc furnaces can convert, in principle, any combination of materials to a vitrified or glassy substance with separation of molten metal. Substantial recycling is made possible with such furnaces and the highly stable, nonleachable, vitrified material can be used in landfills with essentially no environmental impact.

40. Electron-beam generated plasma reactors can clean up hazardous chemical waste or enable soil remediation. Such systems are highly efficient and reasonably portable, can treat very low concentrations of toxic substances, and can treat a wide range of substances. Environmental impact: