1. C Course Lecture 4 This lecture we'll talk about: Multi-dimensional arrays. Pointer arithmetic. Pointers to structures. Multi-file programming. What is the halting problem?

2. Multi-dimensional Arrays in C Last week we dealt with 1 dimensional arrays in C. C can also deal with 2 dimensional arrays (although this is rarely done) int array[3][6]; /* Declare a 2D array */ int i,j; array[0][0]= 7; /*Set an element of it */ printf ("element 1,1 is %d\n",array[1][1]); for (i= 0; i < 3; i++) { for (j= 0; j < 6; j++) { array[i][j]= 0; /* Blank the array*/ }

3. We can pass 2D arrays to and from functions However, to do this, we must provide a size for them Example prototype for function: void process_array (int [3][6]); void process_array (int array[3][6]) { /* Do stuff to the array */ } int thearray[3][6]; process_array(thearray); Call the array with this (in main or other function) And write the function with

4. Pointer Arithmetic Recall from the previous lectures that we declare a pointer with a * use an & to get the "address of" (and convert a variable to a pointer) and use a * to get the value "pointed at" int *p; int q= 5; p= &q; *p= 6; printf ("q is now %d\n",q); printf ("p is now %d\n",*p);

5. Pointer Arithmetic 2 A pointer is another type of array and we can mix between them in certain arrays If we define an array we can use pointers to access it int i[7]; /* An array of 7 ints */ int *j; /* A pointer to an int*/ j= i; /* j points at the start of i*/ *j= 3; /* Same as i[0]= 3 */ j= &i[0]; /* Same as j= i */ j= j+1; /* Move j to point at i[1]*/

6. Pointer Arithmetic Test int i[7]; int *j; j= i; /* J points at i[0] */ j= j+1; /* Moves pointer */ *j= 3; j= i; /* Same as j= &i[0] */ *j= 10; j[1]=4; j= j+5; j[1]= 5; i= i+4; /* This is an error */ j= j+7; /* J points off end of array */ *j= 4; /* This is an error */

7. Multiple file programming - why do it? It means that more than one person can work on a program at once It means that when your program gets big, you don't have to scout through lots of functions It means that when you change 1 file of your huge program, you don't have to change it all (But on the other hand, it is more complicated)

8. Multi-file programming - how Create a "header file" (a file ending in.h) which contains all the prototypes, enums, #defines, structs, typedefs etc for your code Create a number of C source code files - they should all #include your header file. Source files NOT header files contain the functions. One (and only one) of your C source code files contains main. In VC++ you have to add source files to a workspace to get them to compile properly.

9. Example structure pay.h Header file - enums, structs, prototypes pay.cpp #include "pay.h" int main() Get user input Call appropriate routine fileio.cpp #include "pay.h" Read records when called Writes records Make backup copies update.cpp #include "pay.h" Type in a new file for a new lecturer Change file for existing lecturer printout.cpp #include "pay.h" Print a cheque run for all lecturers Print records of individual lecturers for inspection

10. Things to note If a bit of source uses a function, it must have access to its prototype This is why prototypes are in the header Similarly for enums, #defines and struct definitions. Forgetting to #include the header file can seriously cause problems The functions go in the.cpp file not the.h file. It is traditional to use "" instead of <> to indicate a header file you wrote yourself #include #include "myprog.h"

11. The extern statement If we want to use global variables, in multi- file programming? If we define them in the header then there will be multiple copies If we define them in one file, how will all files see them? The key is to define them in one file and declare them as "extern" in other files

12. Extern statement Only used with global variables in multi-file projects. Says to compiler "don't worry, this is dealt with elsewhere" file1.cpp int glob_array[100]; file2.cpp extern int glob_array[100];

13. Pointers to struct example typedef struct great_mathematician { char name[80]; int year_of_birth; int year_of_death; char nationality[80]; } MATHEMATICIAN;. MATHEMATICIAN *cantor; cantor= (MATHEMATICIAN *)malloc (sizeof (MATHEMATICIAN)); /* Check the allocation here */ (*cantor).year_of_birth= 1845; (*cantor).year_of_death= 1918; /* Remember to close comments with a diagonal slash */ strcpy ((*cantor).name, "Georg Cantor"); strcpy ((*cantor).nationality, "German"); free(cantor); /* Don't forget to free the memory */ Consider the peculiar syntax here

14. Pointers to struct (2) C allows name->bit as a shorthand for (*name).bit MATHEMATICIAN *cauchy; cauchy= (MATHEMATICIAN *) malloc (sizeof (MATHEMATICIAN)); /* The sizeof Cauchy was quite large */ cauchy->year_of_birth= 1789; cauchy->year_of_death= 1857; strcpy (cauchy->name, "Augustin Louis Cauchy"); strcpy (cauchy->nationality, "French");. free(cauchy); This shorthand is always used by C programmers

15. Passing it to a function int main() { MATHEMATICIAN *turing; turing= (MATHEMATICIAN *) malloc(sizeof(MATHEMATICIAN)); set_up_turing(turing); /* Do stuff with the variable */ free(turing); } void set_up_turing (MATHEMATICIAN *turing) { turing->year_of_birth=1912; turing->year_of_death=1954; /* In tragic circumstances */ strcpy (turing->name,"Alan Mathison Turing"); strcpy (turing->nationality,"British"); }

16. What is the Halting Problem? Isn't it annoying when a program goes into an infinite loop? Wouldn't it be great if your compiler could tell if your program was going to stop before you ran it? Why don't we write a program which will look at the source code and check if it will stop or carry on forever.

17. How could we tell if a program would stop? int thiscodestops (char *sourcecode) /* Given source code return 1 if code will stop and 0 if it won't */ { FILE *fptr; fptr= fopen (sourcecode, "r"); if (fptr == NULL) {.. /* Lots of VERY complex code here */. return 1; }

18. Then we could run our debugging script int main() { if (thiscodestops("testfile.c")) { printf ("Congrats, your code's fine\n"); } else { printf ("Your code has a bug!\n"); } return 0; }

19. Why can't it work? Consider this program doihalt.c int main() { while (thiscodestops("doihalt.c")) { printf ("Nope, I'm not stopping\n"); } printf ("Actually I decided to stop!\n"); return 0; }