1. Question of the DAY DEC 6
Which cells are responsible for the passing on of genetic information from parent to offspring?
A. Somatic cells
B. Diploid cells
C. Gametes
D. Cancer cells

2. DO NOW DEC 6 Work in groups of 3 to complete the DO NOW
Create a list of physical characteristics you have in common with your group.
Consider things like eye and hair color, style/texture of hair, shape of nose/ears, and so on.
Why do we all look different from each other?

3. DO NOW ANSWERED We all have different parents.
Our parents have their own physical characteristics that are expressed.
These characteristics have been inherited from their parents as you have inherited characteristics from your parents.

4. Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics

5. 11-1: The Work of Gregor Mendel
heredity: set of characteristics an organism receives from its parents
genetics: study of heredity

6. Gregor Mendel
born in 1822
studied pea plants and how they reproduced

7. Reproduction in Pea Plants
pollen is the male sex cell
eggs are the female sex cell
reproduce by self pollination: process in which pollen fertilizes an egg from the same plant
reproduces by cross pollination: process in which pollen from one plant fertilizes an egg from another plant

8. Mendel’s First Experiment
prevented flowers from self pollinating
controlled cross pollination
cut off male parts of flowers and dusted flowers with pollen from another flower
was able to cross plants with different characteristics
used purebreds: an organism that only produces offspring with only one form of a trait
A specific characteristic such as seed color or plant height

9. QUESTION of the Day Dec 9
Which of the following are not examples of heredity?
A. the stripes of a zebra
B. the rows of teeth in the mouth of a Great White Shark
C. speaking a foreign language
D. a tiger hunting prey

10. DO NOW DEC 9
If you crossed a Tall pea plant with a short pea plant, how would you predict the offspring produced?

11. DO NOW ANSWERED
You would need to know which trait, Tall or short, was the dominant one.
It is also necessary to identify the alleles from each parent that may be passed down to an offspring.
This dominant trait will most likely be expressed.

12. True-Breeding
True-breeding plants are plants that only carry one allele for a trait.
If these plants are allowed to self-pollinate, they will produce offspring identical to themselves.
TALL plants produce TALL plants
Green seeded plants produce Green seeded plants

13. Pea Plant Traits studied only seven traits with only two options
decided to cross pea plants with different characteristics for the same trait
tall with short, green seeds with yellow seeds, round seeds with wrinkled seeds, and so on
alleles: different forms of a gene

14. Mendel’s Results
offspring were hybrids: organisms produced by crossing parents with differing characteristics
all hybrids had the characteristics of only one parent

15. Mendel’s Conclusions
1. individual factors, called genes, control each trait
2. principle of dominance: some factors or alleles are dominant whereas others are recessive

16. Mendel’s Second Experiment
allowed hybrid plants to reproduce among themselves
kept groups in order
P generation: purebred group
F1 generation: hybrid group
F2 generation: offspring of hybrids
in F2 plants, the recessive traits reappeared

17. Mendel’s Results
in his F2 generations, the recessive trait showed up in ¼ of the offspring
phenotype: physical characteristics
genotype: genetic makeup
homozygous: two identical alleles for a particular trait
TT, homozygous dominant
tt, homozygous recessive
heterozygous: having two different alleles for the same trait Tt

18. Question of the Day DEC 11 An organism with a genotype of bb is called
A. Heterozygous recessive
B. Homozygous dominant
C. Heterozygous dominant
D. Homozygous recessive

19. DO NOW DEC 11
Determine the possible genotypes of a pea plant that is Tall and has white flowers.
Tall is dominant over short
Purple is dominant over white flowers

20. DO NOW ANSWERED Possible Genotypes TT pp where T = Tall P = Purple
t = short p = white
Tt pp

21. Genes and Alleles genes: unit that determines traits
alleles: different forms of a gene
have two alleles for each trait
one from each parent
sex cells contain one allele
when sex cells combine, create cells with two sets of genes

22. 11-2: Probability and Punnett Squares
probability applies to genetics because the formation of gametes depends on random events

23. Probability and Punnett Squares
probability: the likelihood that a particular event will occur
probability = the number of times a particular event occurs ÷ the number of opportunities for the event to occur
Punnett squares analyze the results of an experimental cross
determines the probability of getting certain genotypes and phenotypes

24. Predicting Averages
Consider our class and the test we have recently taken.
If the test average was a 70, explain how this average is possible having only 2 test scores.
With 3 Test Scores?
These results will depend on the individual students and courses.

25. Predicting Averages
Probabilities predict the average outcome of a large number of events.
Cannot predict the precise outcome of an single event.
Also true for genetics.
Larger numbers of offspring will produce results closer to the expected values/ratios.
In the F1 Gen of Mendel’s pea plants, only 3 or 4 offspring may not the predicted offspring.
However, hundreds or thousands of these offspring will produce ratios very close to expectations of Mendel’s results.

26. Question of the Day Dec 12
Which ratio did Mendel find in his F2 Generation of pea plants?
A. 3:1
B. 1:3:1
C. 1:9
D. 4:3

27. DO NOW DEC 12 Solve the following problem…
Cross a Heterozygous Long-clawed panther with a short-clawed panther.
List all of the possible genotypes and their phenotypes.
What ratio of panther cubs with short claws?

28. DO NOW ANSWERED Dec 12 L l LL ll Ll L = LONG CLAW DOMINANT
l = short claw L l LL ll Ll

29. AGENDA DEC 12
BIG Question: How do geneticts use the principle of probability?
1. Question of the Day and DO NOW
2. Section 11-1/11-2 QUIZ
3. Principles of Segregation and Independent Assortment
4. Inheriting Traits Lab Investigation
5. Review and Homework
Inheriting Traits Lab Packet DUE FRIDAY

30. Segregation the separation of alleles during gamete formation
when gametes, or sex cells, come together, new combinations occur
gene combinations can be represented in a chart using Punnett squares
monohybrid cross: crossing one trait

31. Segregation F1 plants each have one dominant and one recessive allele.
When the F1 plants are crossed with each other, the recessive allele reappears in the offspring (F2 Gen)

32. Independent Assortment
process by which genes segregate independently
if a plant has a round seed, it does not mean it will always have a yellow seed
can cross two traits, called a dihybrid cross, and have independent assortment
get all sort of genotypes

33. A Summary of Mendel’s Work
genes control heredity
genes are inherited from each parent
some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive
segregation occurs during the formation of reproductive cells
genes for different traits may sort independently of one another

34. Dihybrid Crosses Solving for two different traits.
Parents --- RrYy and RrYy
R = Wrinkled seed Y = Yellow seed
Capital Letters = DOMINANT TRAITS
Use the FOIL method to determine all of the possible genotypes of the parents.
F=first O=outer I=inner L=last

35. Dihybrid Crosses Parent Genotypes – RrYy
Use FOIL Method to find possible allele combinations.
F – RY O – Ry I – rY L – ry
Allele Combinations – RY Ry rY ry

36. Dihybrid Crosses RY Ry rY ry RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy RRyy Rryy rrYY rrYy

37. Agenda Apr 12 Big Question: What is meiosis?
1. Hand in your Dihybrid Crosses Homework.
2. DO NOW
3. The Phases of Meiosis
4. Chapter 9 Test
5. Homework --- Read Chapter 13 Section 1
Intro to Evolution

38. DO NOW Apr 12 We will review problem #2 from the homework.
1. Identify the genotypes of the parents.
2. Use the foil method to determine all of the possible allele combinations.
3. Solve your Punnett Square

39. Problem #2 HE He
HHEe
HHee he
HhEe
Hhee