2. COGENERATION SYSTEMS Presented By: ELAHEH TIMAJCHI

4. SELECTING COGENERATION SYSTEMS

5. Topping Cycle Steam turbine with flue gas treatmentSteam turbine with flue gas treatment Gas turbine with heat exchangersGas turbine with heat exchangers Diesel engineDiesel engine Steam or gas turbine with atmospheric fluidized-bed boilerSteam or gas turbine with atmospheric fluidized-bed boiler Combined cycleCombined cycle Coal gasification combined cycleCoal gasification combined cycle Phosphoric acid fuel cellPhosphoric acid fuel cell

6. Bottoming Cycle Steam turbineSteam turbine Organic Rankine turbineOrganic Rankine turbine Gas turbinesGas turbines

7. SELECTING SUITABLE COGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES

8. Relative Advantages of Cogeneration Technologies Fuels usedFuels used Capital investment requiredCapital investment required Efficiency in converting fuel to electricityEfficiency in converting fuel to electricity Electricity- to- steam ratio(the electricity produced per unit of steam generated)Electricity- to- steam ratio(the electricity produced per unit of steam generated) Environmental effectsEnvironmental effects

9. Technical Factors to be Considered Process thermal energy need (temperature & pressure of the steam)Process thermal energy need (temperature & pressure of the steam) Fuels availableFuels available system reliabilitysystem reliability Retrofit versus new installationRetrofit versus new installation Electricity buy-back Selection MethodElectricity buy-back Selection Method O & M requirementO & M requirement

10. Economic Factors to be Considered Available capitalAvailable capital Rate of return requiredRate of return required Cash flowCash flow

11. Selection Method Judgmental selectionJudgmental selection Simulation of a few desirable designsSimulation of a few desirable designs Examination of all systemsExamination of all systems

12. Summary These systems include topping- cycle systems and bottoming cycle are noticeable have payback periods of less than five years, and their heat rates and capital costs are lower than those for the conventional central power plants.

13. COGENERATION ALLOCATION METHOD

14. Summary The selection of an appropriate cost allocation method is the first step toward the economic evaluation of any co-generation project after the potential of co-generation for a process (industrial) or building (commercial or residential)

15. SIZING AND OPERATING COGENERATION SYSTEMS

16. Summary The optimization of a co-generation system’s size depends on the owner of the co-generation facility and on the purpose of the co-generation system. The optimum size of a co- generation system designed for industry may be significantly smaller than that of one designed for society. The size of a co-generation system vary substantially even under the same type of ownership. For example the optimum size of a co- generation system under an industrial owner who wishes to generate maximum cash flow from the co-generation project to support his or her main business may be larger than the size of the system under an industrial owner who co- generates only to meet process thermal or electrical needs.The optimization of a co-generation system’s size depends on the owner of the co-generation facility and on the purpose of the co-generation system. The optimum size of a co- generation system designed for industry may be significantly smaller than that of one designed for society. The size of a co-generation system vary substantially even under the same type of ownership. For example the optimum size of a co- generation system under an industrial owner who wishes to generate maximum cash flow from the co-generation project to support his or her main business may be larger than the size of the system under an industrial owner who co- generates only to meet process thermal or electrical needs.

17. QUALIFICATION TEST FOR A QUALIFYING COGENERATOR

18. CONCLUSION Paper, metals, chemicals, and petroleum industries account for most known co- generation capacity ( 80% of the total U.S. co-generation capacity).Paper, metals, chemicals, and petroleum industries account for most known co- generation capacity ( 80% of the total U.S. co-generation capacity). In most existing co-generation facilities, steam turbines are used to generate electricity.In most existing co-generation facilities, steam turbines are used to generate electricity. Natural gas, bio-mass and waste are more important than other fuel types in co- generation of electricity.Natural gas, bio-mass and waste are more important than other fuel types in co- generation of electricity.

19. THANK YOU, FOR YOUR ATTENTION