1. Chapter 17 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

2. The Energy Revolution The heating bill for this energy-efficient passive solar radiation office in Colorado is $50 a year. 84% of all commercial energy used in the U.S. is wasted 41% wasted due to 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Figure 17-1

3. SOLAR CELLS CONVERT SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY ATTACH LIKE SHINGLES TO ROOF APPLY TO WINDOW GLASS AS COATING MOUNTED ON RACKS ALMOST ANYWHERE

4. WIND FARMS MANY COUNTRIES ESPECIALLY EUROPE WIND TURBINES LOCATED IN CLUSTERS FEWER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS THAN ANY ENERGY RESOURCE CHEAP

5. FUEL CELLS ELECTRICITY FROM H GAS (H2) PRODUCED BY PASSING ELECTRICITY FROM RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY SOURCES –WIND TURBINES –HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS –SOLAR CELLS THROUGH WATER

6. FUELCELLS EMIT ONLY WATER VAPOR NO CO2 OR OTHER AIR POLLUTANTS IF THE H2 IS PRODUCED FROM H2O AND NOT CARBON CONTAINING FOSSIL FUELS SHIFTING TO H2 AS PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE WOULD ELIMINATE MOST AIR POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE GASE EMISSIONS

7. ENERGY EFFICIENCY Figure 17-2

8. ENERGY EFFICIENCY 84% OF ALL COMMERCIAL ENERGY USED IN THE U.S. IS WASTED ABOUT 41% AUTOMATICALLY WASTED DUE TO 2 ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS COSTS U.S. ABOUT $300 BILLION PER YEAR

9. ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY COUNTRY JAPAN GERMANY FRANCE ALL 2 – 3 TIMES MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT THAN THE U.S.

10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY –Incandescent light bulb: 5% efficient –Internal combustion engine: 6 - 14% efficient –Nuclear power plant: 8 – 14% efficient –Coal-burning power plant: 34% efficient –Fuel cell: 40% efficient –Steam turbine: 45% efficient –Human body: 20 – 25% efficient –Fluorescent light: 22% efficient

11. Net Energy Efficiency Comparison of net energy efficiency for two types of space heating. Figure 17-4

12. MAJOR WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY 1) Insulation 2) Elimination of air leaks 3) Air to air heat exchangers (heat pump) 4) Cogeneration 5) Efficient electric motors 6) High-efficiency lighting 7) Increasing CAFÉ standards

13. TRANSPORTATION ¼ OF U.S. ENERGY CONSUMPTION 1073-1985 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY ROSE DUE TO CAFÉ (CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY) 1988-2006 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY FOR NEW VEHICLES DECREASED BY 6% DUE TO: NO INCREASE IN CAFÉ TRUCKS & SUV’S PURCHASED THAT DO NOT HAVE TO MEET HIGH MILEAGE STANDARDS

14. Fig. 17-5, p. 388 Cars Both Average fuel economy (miles per gallon, or mpg) Model year Pickups, vans, and sport utility vehicles

15. HIDDEN FUEL COSTS GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES TAX BREAKS FOR OIL COMPANIES & ROAD BUILDERS POLLUTION CONTROL & CLEANUP MILITARY PROTECTION OF OIL SUPPLIES

16. REASONS FOR LOW FUEL EFFICIENCY 50%+ OF AMERICANS DRIVE A FUEL- INEFFICIENT TRUCK OR SUV GOVERNMENT HAS NOT PROVIDED TAX PAYERS WITH LARGE ENOUGH TAX BREAKS, REBATES, LOW- INTEREST, LT LOANS TO ENCOURAGE PURCHASE OF MORE FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES

17. TAX BREAKS 2005 – PURCHASE OF A $50000 HUMMER GOT UP TO A $25000 TAX DEDUCTION PURCHASE OF A HYBRID GOT A TAX DEDUCTION UP TO $3,100

18. HYBRID CARS Figure 17-7

19. Fuel-Cell Vehicles Fuel-efficient vehicles powered by a fuel cell that runs on hydrogen gas are being developed. Combines hydrogen gas (H 2 ) and oxygen gas (O 2 ) fuel to produce electricity and water vapor (2H 2 +O 2  2H 2 O). Emits no air pollution or CO 2 if the hydrogen is produced from renewable-energy sources.

20. FUEL CELLS 2X AS EFFICIENT AS INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES NO MOVING PARTS REQUIRE LITTLE MAINTENANCE QUIET EMIT NO AIR POLLUTANTS OR CO2 UNFORTUNATELY ARE EXPENSIVE WITHIN 20 YEARS, CHINA PLANS TO BECOME WORLD LEADER IN PRODUCING HYBRID & FUEL CELL VEHICLES

21. Fig. 17-8, p. 390 Body attachments Mechanical locks that secure the body to the chassis Air system management Universal docking connection Connects the chassis with the drive-by-wire system in the body Fuel-cell stack Converts hydrogen fuel into electricity Rear crush zone Absorbs crash energy Drive-by-wire system controls Cabin heating unit Side-mounted radiators Release heat generated by the fuel cell, vehicle electronics, and wheel motors Hydrogen fuel tanks Front crush zone Absorbs crash energy Electric wheel motors Provide four-wheel drive; have built-in brakes

22. BUILDINGS ONE-THIRD U.S. ENERGY CONSUMPTION 64% FOR HEATING & A.C. 24% HEATING 12% LIGHTING GA POWER COMPANY BUILDING IN ATLANTA USES 60% LESS ENERGY THAN CONVENTIONAL OFFICE BUILDINGS OF THE SAME SIZE

23. U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL’S LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN LEED ESTABLISHED ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN GUIDELINES CERTIFIES BUILDINGS AS MEETING ITS STANDARDS AS: –SILVER –GOLD –PLATINUM

24. ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING DESIGN WORLD LEADER EMERGING CHINA WITHIN 20 YEARS CHINA’S MINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BUILDING IN BEJIING ONE OF 60 GOLD-STANDARD BUILDINGS WORLDWIDE CHINESE LEADERS SEE GLOBAL GREEN MARKET FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT: –CARS –BUILDINGS –LIGHTING –APPLIANCES –SOLAR CELLS –WIND TURBINES –SOLAR WATER HEATERS

25. SUPERINSULATED HOUSES HEAT FROM DIRECT SUNLIGHT, APPLIANCES AND HUMAN BODIES CAN WARM IT WITH LITTLE OR NO NEED FOR A BACKUP HEATING SYSTEM AIR-TO-AIR HEAT EXCHANGER PREVENTS BUILDUP OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION COSTS 5% MORE THAN CONVENTIONAL HOUSES TO BUILD EXTRA COST PAID BACK BY ENERGY SAVINGS WITHIN 5 YEARS CAN SAVE A HOMEOWNER $50K - $100K OVER 40 YEARS IN SWEDEN, SUPERINSULATED HOUSES USE 90% LESS ENERGY FOR HEATING AND COOLING THAN THE TYPICAL AMERICAN HOME

26. Strawbale House Strawbale – superinsulator made from bales of low-cost straw covered with plaster or adobe. Depending on the thickness of the bales, its strength exceeds standard construction. Figure 17-9

27. Living Roofs Roofs covered with plants have been used for decades in Europe and Iceland. Built from a blend of light-weight compost, mulch and sponge-like materials that hold water. Insulators Figure 17-10

28. Saving Energy in Existing Buildings About one-third of the heated air in typical U.S. homes and buildings escapes through closed windows and holes and cracks. Figure 17-11

29. SAVING ENERGY IN EXISTING BUILDINGS INSULATE AND PLUG LEAKS USE ENERGY EFFICIENT WINDOWS STOP OTHER HEATING & COOLING LOSSES HEAT HOUSES MORE EFFICIENTLY HEAT WATER MORE EFFICIENTLY USE ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLICANCES USE ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING

30. WHY ARE WE WASTING SO MUCH ENERGY? FOSSIL FUELS ARE ARTIFICIALLY CHEAP MARKET PRICES DOES NOT INCLUDE ITS HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTAL & HEALTH COSTS ABSENCE OF SIGNIFICANT TAX BREAKS/REBATES/L.T. LOANS EARN AT LEAST 20% PER YEAR ON YOUR MONEY TAX FREE BY INVESTING IN IMPROVED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN YOUR HOME

31. RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY DIRECTLY FROM THE SUN INDIRECTLY FROM: –MOVING WATER –WIND –BIOMASS –GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PROVIDES 18% OF WORLD’S ENERGY PROVIDES 6% OF U.S. ENERGY

32. USING RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY TO PROVIDE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY The European Union aims to get 22% of its electricity from renewable energy by 2010. Costa Rica gets 92% of its energy from renewable resources. China aims to get 10% of its total energy from renewable resources by 2020. In 2004, California got about 12% of its electricity from wind and plans to increase this to 50% by 2030.

33. USING RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY TO PROVIDE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY Denmark now gets 20% of its electricity from wind and plans to increase this to 50% by 2030. Brazil gets 20% of its gasoline from sugarcane residue. In 2004, the world’s renewable-energy industries provided 1.7 million jobs.

34. Heating Buildings and Water with Solar Energy We can heat buildings by orienting them toward the sun (southern orientation) or by pumping a liquid such as water through rooftop collectors. Figure 17-12

35. Passive Solar Heating Passive solar heating - system absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within a structure without the need for pumps to distribute the heat. Figure 17-13

36. Fig. 17-13, p. 396 Direct Gain Summer sun Hot air Warm air Super- insulated windows Winter sun Cool air Earth tubes Ceiling and north wall heavily insulated

37. Fig. 17-13, p. 396 Greenhouse, Sunspace, or Attached Solarium Summer cooling vent Warm air Insulated windows Cool air

38. Fig. 17-13, p. 396 Earth Sheltered Reinforced concrete, carefully waterproofed walls and roof Triple-paned or superwindows Earth Flagstone floor for heat storage

39. ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS ABSORBS ENERGY FROM THE SUN BY PUMPING A HEAT-ABSORBING FLUID (WATER OR ANTIFREEZE SOLUTION) THROUGH SPECIAL COLLECTORS ON ROOF OR ON SPECIAL RACKS TO FACE THE SUN MOST ARE FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS DARK COLORED, HEAT ABSORBING PLATES IN A BOX COVERED WITH GLASS CAN ALSO BE USED TO PROVIDE HOT WATER (CHINA, SPAIN, JAPAN, GERMANY, ISRAEL)

40. Cooling Houses Naturally We can cool houses by: –Superinsulating (superwindows, blown insulation) them. –Taking advantages of breezes. –Shading them. –Having light colored or green roofs. –Using geothermal cooling.

41. SOLAR CELLS (PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS) THIN WAFERS OF PURIFIED SILICON TRACE AMOUNTS OF GALLIUM & CADMIUM THAT ALLOWS THEM TO ACT AS SEMICONDUCTORS SUNLIGHT STRIKES CELL EMITTING E- THAT FLOW AND CREATE AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT EACH CELL PRODUCES A SMALL AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY SO MANY CELLS WIRED TOGETHER TO PRODUCE ELECTRICAL POWER CAN BE CONNECTED TO BATTERIES TO STORE ENERGY NO MOVING PARTS, QUIET, LITTLE MAINTENANCE,NO POLLUTION AND LAST AS LONG AS CONVENTIONAL FOSSIL FUELS OR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

42. Producing Electricity with Solar Cells Solar cells convert sunlight to electricity – a PV cell uses light to energize electrons along a semiconductor. Figure 17-16

43. Producing Electricity with Solar Cells Photovoltaic (PV) cells can provide electricity for a house or building using solar-cell roof shingles. Figure 17-17

44. Producing Electricity with Solar Cells Solar cells can be used in rural villages with ample sunlight who are not connected to an electrical grid. Nanotechnology Figure 17-18

45. Electricity Costs

46. PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE LEADING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE 2 ND CHEAPEST WAY TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES ABOUT ONE-FIFTH OF WORLD’S ELECTRICITY –NORWAY 99% –NEW ZEALAND 75% –ARGENTINA 42% –U.S. IS WORLD’S LARGEST PRODUCER OF ELECTRICITY FROM HYDROPOWER, ESPECIALLY IN THE WEST –MUCH OF WORLD’S UNTAPPED POTENTIAL IN CHINA, INDIA, SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AFRICA AND PARTS OF FORMER SOVIET UNION

47. PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE There is little room for expansion in the U.S. – Dams and reservoirs have been created on 98% of suitable rivers.

48. PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE OTEC Only two large tidal energy dams are currently operating: one in La Rance, France and Nova Scotia’s bay of Fundy

49. PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND Wind turbines can be used individually to produce electricity. They are also used interconnected in arrays on wind farms. Figure 17-21

50. WIND ENERGY CHEAPEST & MOST NONPOLLUTING WAY TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY 2.5 CENTS PER KILOWATT HOUR CAPTURING ONLY 20% OF WIND ENERGY AT BEST SITES COULD MEET ALL OF THE WORLD’S ENERGY DEMAND & OVER 7 TIMES THE AMOUNT OF ELECRICITY CURRENTLY USED IN WORLD COULD REPLACE NUCLEAR AND COAL BURNING POWER PLANTS ND, TX, KS, SD THE “SAUDI ARABIA OF WIND POWER” MORE THAN ENOUGH WIND RESOURCES TO MEET ELECTRICITY NEEDS OF THE U.S.

51. THE AGE OF WIND ENERGY EUROPE LEADS THE WORLD 75% OF WORLD’S WIND GENERATED POWER PRODUCED THERE BY INLAND & OFFSHORE FARMS OR PARKS DENMARK, GEMANY, SPAIN MANUFACTURE 80% OF GLOBAL WIND TURBINES INDIA, CHINA, BRAZIL, CANADA, AUSTRALIA INCREASING THEIR USE OF WIND ENERGY

52. PRODUCING ENERGY FROM BIOMASS Plant materials and animal wastes can be burned to provide heat or electricity or converted into gaseous or liquid biofuels. Figure 17-23

53. PRODUCING ENERGY FROM BIOMASS The scarcity of fuelwood causes people to make fuel briquettes from cow dung in India. This deprives soil of plant nutrients. Figure 17-24

54. Converting Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels Motor vehicles can run on ethanol, biodiesel, and methanol produced from plants and plant wastes. Major advantages of biofuels: 1) Crops used for production can be grown almost anywhere. 2)There is no net increase in CO 2 emissions. 3) Widely available and easy to store and transport.

55. PRODUCERS OF BIOMASS BIGGEST PRODUCERS ARE: –BRAZIL –U.S. –EUROPEAN UNION –CHINA ALL PLAN TO DOUBLE PRODUCTION BY 2020.

56. BENEFITS OF BIOMASS PRODUCTION BIOFUELPRODUCTION CAN HELP INCREASE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND REDUCE POVERTY IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES TROPICAL COUNTRIES HAVE SEVERAL ADVANTAGES TO PRODUCING BIOMASS: –PLENTIFUL RAINFALL –LONG GROWING SEASONS –HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY OF TROPICAL SUGAR AND OIL PLANTS –COMPARATIVELY LOW LABOR AND LAND COSTS

57. DISADVANTAGES TO BIOMASS PRODUCTION CAN USING INDUSTRIALIZED AGRICULTURE TO GROW LARGE AREAS OF MONOCULTURE CROPS TO PRODUCE BIOFUELS BE DONE SUSTAINABLY? INDUSTRIALIZED AGRICULTURE HAS THE HARMFUL IMPACT OF LAND DEGRADATION, INCREASED AIR AND WATER POLLUTION AND INCREASED EMISSIONS OF CO2 AND OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES EXPANDING THE LAND AREA DEVOTED TO BIOFUEL CROPS CAN DECREASE AND DEGRADE BIODIVERSITY (BRAZIL’S PLANS) GROWING COMPETITION BETWEEN USING LAND TO GROW CROPS FOR FOOD AND FOR BIOFUELS. IF BIOFUELS WIN OUT, WORLD FOOD SUPPLIES COULD BE THREATENED.

58. Producing Ethanol Crops such as sugarcane, corn, and switchgrass and agricultural, forestry and municipal wastes can be converted to ethanol.  Switchgrass can remove CO 2 from the troposphere and store it in the soil. Figure 17-26

60. ETHANOL MADE FROM FERMENTATION AND DISTILLATION OF SUGARS IN PLANTS SUCH AS SUGARCANE,CORN AND SWITCHGRASS. 10-23% pure ethanol makes gasohol which can be run in conventional motors. 85% ethanol (E85) must be burned in flex-fuel cars. Processing all corn grown in the U.S. into ethanol would cover only about 55 days of current driving. Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol with vegetable oil made from a variety of different plants – can meet 10% of energy needs in U.S. Production: –BRAZIL LEADS THE WORLD; MAKES ETHANOL FROM BAGASSE – A RESIDUE FROM SUGARCANE –U.S. WORLD’S SECOND LARGEST PRODUCER OF ETHANOL –BRAZIL HAS BENEFITED MORE ECONOMICALLY - WHY? (PAGE 406) –WHY HAS THE U.S. NOT BENEFITED AS WELL ECONOMICALLY?

61. SWITCHGRASS TALL GRASS NATIVE TO N.AMERICAN PRAIRIES GROWS FASTER WITH LESS FERTILIZER THAN CORN CAN BE GROWN ON LAND UNFIT FOR CROPS HELPS REMOVE CO2 FROM TROPOSPHERE FUEL YIELD IS ABOUT 2% MORE/ACRE THAN SUGARCANE NET ENERGY YIELD IS 4, MUCH GREATER THAN CORN MOST OF WORLD’S ETHANOL LIKELY TO BE PRODUCED FROM SWITCHGRASS AND SUGARCANE

62. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy - heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in the earth’s mantle. Use geothermal energy stored in the earth’s mantle to heat and cool buildings and to produce electricity. –A geothermal heat pump (GHP) - heats and cools a house using the difference between the earth’s surface and underground temperatures.

63. Geothermal Heat Pump The house is heated in the winter by transferring heat from the ground into the house. The process is reversed in the summer to cool the house. Figure 17-31

64. HYDROGEN Some energy experts view hydrogen gas as the best fuel to replace oil during the last half of the century, but there are several hurdles to overcome: –Hydrogen is chemically locked up in water and organic compounds. –It takes energy and money to produce it (net energy is low). –Fuel cells are expensive. –Hydrogen may be produced by using fossil fuels.

65. Converting to a Hydrogen Economy Iceland plans to run its economy mostly on hydrogen (produced via hydropower, geothermal, and wind energy), but doing this in industrialized nations is more difficult. –Must convert economy to energy farming (e.g. solar, wind) from energy hunter-gatherers seeking new fossil fuels. –No infrastructure for hydrogen-fueling stations (12,000 needed at $1 million apiece). –High cost of fuel cells.

66. A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY STRATEGY Shifts in the use of commercial energy resources in the U.S. since 1800, with projected changes to 2100. Figure 17-34

67. Fig. 17-35, p. 414 Small solar-cell power plants Bioenergy power plants Wind farm Rooftop solar cell arrays Fuel cells Solar-cell rooftop systems Transmission and distribution system Commercial Small wind turbine Residential Industrial Microturbines

68. Fig. 17-37, p. 416 What Can You Do? Energy Use and Waste Get an energy audit at your house or office. Drive a car that gets at least 15 kilometers per liter (35 miles per gallon) and join a carpool. Use mass transit, walking, and bicycling. Superinsulate your house and plug all air leaks. Turn off lights, TV sets, computers, and other electronic equipment when they are not in use. Wash laundry in warm or cold water. Use passive solar heating. For cooling, open windows and use ceiling fans or whole-house attic or window fans. Turn thermostats down in winter, up in summer. Buy the most energy-efficient homes, lights, cars, and appliances available. Turn down the thermostat on water heaters to 43–49°C (110–120°F) and insulate hot water heaters and pipes.