1. THE ENLIGHTENMENT

2. IMMANUEL KANT:  “Dare to Know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence!”

3.  Renaissance  Reformation  Scientific Revolution  Newton  Locke ORIGINS: Periods:

4.  Reason: Rational Thought  Secularism  Social Progress  Education of the Masses  Freedom and Liberty  Tolerance  Legal Reform CHARACTERISTICS:  Laws of Nature!

5.  Who where they?  Common bonds  Students of society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms. PHILOSOPHES:  Skepticism  Cultural Relativism

6. PHILOSOPHERS

7.  Advocated religious toleration  Deism: existence of a “mechanic” who had created the universe  World ran according to natural law VOLTAIRE:(1694-1778)

8. ► Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do. ► Judge a man by his questions rather than by his answers. ► Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference VOLTAIRE’S WISDOM ► It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong. ► Love truth and pardon error. ► The way to become boring is to say everything. ► ► I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

9.  Attacks traditional religion  Advocates religious toleration  Denounces slavery  Focus: use of reason  “Natural Laws” governing society  Separation of powers Executive Legislative Judicial MONTESQUIEU: (1689-1755) The Persian Letters: 1721 The Spirit of Laws: 1748

10.  Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains. ROUSSEAU: (1712-1778)

11.  Social Contract  General Will  Liberty: achieved by being forced to follow what was best for all people.  Freedom: adherence to laws one has imposed on oneself THE SOCIAL CONTRACT 1762  Principles of a Democracy

12. ADAM SMITH Economic Liberty: -Free trade -Laissez-faire -The Wealth of Nations: 1776 - 1. Law of Self- Interest -2. Law of Competition -3. Law of Supply and Demand

13. THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHES

14. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

15. PARISIAN SALON

16. MADAME GEOFFRIN’S SALON

17. THE SALON  Philosophes and guests engaged in conservations and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment  Run by wealthy women in urban areas  Reputation of salon depended upon the stature of males a hostess could attract  Females influence decision making and literary and artistic taste

18.  Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Women: 1792 British Women obeying men same as monarchs have absolute power over their subjects Reason innate in all humans- women entitled to the same rights as men in education and political life ROLE OF WOMEN

19.  Attempts to summarize the state of knowledge  Freedom of thought and expression  Progress through knowledge DIDEROT

20. ENCYCLOPEDIA  First published 1751  28 Volumes  Illustrated  Cross-Referenced

21. Diderot’s Encyclopedie

24. ENCYCLOPEDIA

25. AN INCREASE IN READING

27. “Must Read” Books of the Time

28. The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris

29. Zoology & Biology A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.

30. Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens