1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVMENT

2. 25.1 – THE MOVMENT BEGINS
What does the term “Civil Rights” mean to you?
What does the term “segregation” mean to you?
Does segregation still exist in the U.S. today?

3. 25.1 – THE MOVEMENT BEGINS
After WWII many people started challenging segregation
Federal gov’t started to take a stronger stand in support of African-American Rights
U.S. SUPREME COURT

4. JIM CROW LAWS
It shall be unlawful for a negro and a white person to play together in or in company with each other in any game of cards or dice, dominoes or checkers
Birmingham, Alabama 1930

5. JIM CROW LAWS
No colored barber shall serve as a barber to white women or girls
Atlanta, Georgia 1926

6. JIM CROW LAWS
Marriages are void where one party is a white person and the other is possessed of one-eighth or more negro, Japanese, for Chinese blood
Nebraska, 1911

7. JIM CROW LAWS
Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school
Missouri 1929

8. JIM CROW LAWS
Any white woman who shall suffer or permit herself to be got with child by a negro or mulatto…shall be sentenced to the penitentiary for not less than 18 months
Maryland, 1924

9. JIM CROW LAWS
All railroads carrying passengers in the state (other than street railroads) shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger cars for each passenger train, or by dividing the cars by partition, so as to secure separate accommodations
Tennessee 1891

10. 25.1 – ORIGINS OF THE MOVEMENT
Brown v. Board
Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
CORE – Sit-ins
SCLC – Martin Luther King, Jr.
Little Rock, Arkansas
Thurgood Marshall - NAACP

11. 25.1 – SIGNIFICANT COURT CASES (read on your own)
Norris v. Alabama (1935)
Juries
Morgan v. Virginia (1946)
Interstate buses
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
State law schools

12. EMMETT TILL

13. EMMETT TILL

14. WHAT IS ONE THING YOU WOULD REALLY LIKE TO CHANGE IN GREAT VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL OR INAMERICA? (THINK LAW, RIGHTS….)

15. HOW WOULD YOU BRING ATTENTION TO THAT CAUSE/PURSUE CHANGE?
Title – your cause
Significance – why is this cause so important/why should it be addressed?
Actions – 2 specific steps you would take to bring attention/change
Rationale – why would you take those steps? What would those steps lead to that would bring about the change you desire?
Violence – is it justified in achieving your cause? Why or why not?

16. 25.2 – CHALLENGING SEGREGATION
Sit-in Movement
African-Americans asked to be served at segregated restaurants
1960 Woolworth’s in Greensboro, N.C.
By 1961 sit-ins had spread to over 100 cities
Heavy student involvement
Students eventually formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); alternative to the NAACP and/or SCLC
Ella Baker

17. 25.2 – CHALLENGING SEGREGATION
Freedom Riders
Groups of people encouraged to travel in the South to bring attention to segregated buses/bus terminals
Angry mobs often attacked the buses/passengers
Horrific violence in Alabama in 1961
The movement (3)
The tactic (1)
The strategy (2)
The governor
“Bull” Connor

18. 25.2 – KENNEDY AND CIVIL RIGHTS
Promised to support the CRM
AAs voted in large numbers for him
Early on he was timid, disappointed many AAs, why?
Robert Kennedy (Attorney General) took charge of he administration’s support of the CRM
By 1962 the segregation of interstate buses was over

19. JAMES MEREDITH
1962 – The Governor of Mississippi refused to allow Meridith to enroll at the University of Mississippi
Riots break out, JFK eventually has to send in federal troops to guard Meridith for the rest of the school year
Meredith statue vandalized

20. VIOLENCE IN BIRMINGHAM
Frustrated wit the pace of reform, MLK began demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama (1963)
Why did he do this?
MLK was arrested, wrote his famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
Under orders from Bull Connor, the police used clubs, dogs, and hoses on the demonstrators (us video)
JFK prepares a new Civil Rights Bill
Was this MLK’s plan all along?

21. 25.2 – PURSUIT OF A CIVIL RIGHTS BILL
1963 – JFK starts pushing for a Civil Rights Bill after the speech by Wallace and the murder of Medgar Evers
August 28, 1963 – over 200,000 march on Washington, D.C. to push for a Civil Rights bill
MLK gives his “I Have a Dream” speech (us video)
Medgar Evers

22. 25.2 – THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) became president after JFK was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963
Under LBJ’s leadership the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed

23. 25.2 – THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Gave the federal gov’t broad powers to prevent racial discrimination
Made segregation illegal in most places of public gathering/accommodation
Gave citizens of all races and nationalities equal access to public facilities
Gave the U.S. Attorney General more power to bring about lawsuits to force school desegregation
Required private employers to end discrimination in the workplace
Established the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)
---- didn’t really address the issue of voting

24. 25.2 – THE STRUGGLE FOR VOTING RIGHTS
24h Amendment
Passed in 1964; did away with poll taxes in federal (not state) elections
AAs were still fighting a major battle to gain full voting rights; were often physical attacked for registering voters or voting itself
MLK organized a march in Selma, Alabama to bring attention to the issue (1965); leads to “Bloody Sunday” (us video)
LBJ was outraged, started pushing for new voting rights law

25. 25.2 – VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 WHAT IT DID RESULTS
Federal examiners could be sent to register voters
Suspended discriminatory devices (literacy tests) in counties where less than half of all adults had been registered to vote
By the end of 1965 almost 250,000 new AAs had been registered
# of elected AA officials in the South increased
Now the 2 major goals of the CRM (outlawing of segregation and laws to prevent voting rights) had been legislated. The movement now started to shift towards acquiring full social and economic equality; focus on poverty and cities

26. 25.3 – NEW CIVIL RIGHTS ISSUES
After the Voting Rights Act of 1965 the was an increased focus on fighting poverty and social inequality as opposed to voting rights and segregation
Inner cities and ghettos became a focus
Most AAs were in low paying, low status jobs and poor, inner-city neighborhoods

27. READ PAGES and..
Turn each heading into a question and answer that question after reading the section (total of 4)
Summarize each section in 20%
1. Urban problems
2. Watts Riot
3. Kerner Commission
Shift to Economic Rights
Create an 8 question, multiple choice quiz (2 questions for each section)

28. 25.3 – RIOTS Watts - neighborhood in Los Angeles
6 day riot; massive damage both economically and physically (US video)
Dozens of riots in the late 1960s
Tanks/troops sent into Detroit in 1967
Kerner Commission – established by LBJ to study urban riots; concluded that racism was the cause for most of the problems

29. 25.3 – ECONOMIC FOCUS
By the mid-1960s the movement began to focus on economic change
MLK moved into a slum in Chicago (why?)
Chicago Movement

30. 25.3 – BLACK POWER
In the late 1960s many AA’s, especially young, urban AAs, doubted MLKs methods
Some called for “stronger” action:
Armed self-defense
Separate states for AAs
Expulsion of whites from leadership positions (CORE, SNCC)
Calls for Black Power

31. 25.3 – BLACK POWER Black power:
Stressed pride in AA culture
Emphasized racial distinctiveness rather than assimilation
Centered on controlling the direction of the social/political/economic struggles of AAs
Led to new hair styles, new names, calls for new courses in school
MLK criticized it but it was very popular, especially in poorer neighborhoods
Stokely Carmichael – leader of the SNCC in 1966

32. 25.3 – MALCOLM X Symbol/leader of the Black Power movement
Real name was Malcolm Little
Tough childhood in Nebraska
Transformed in prison
Joined the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)
Nation of Islam believed/taught:
Black Nationalism – AAs should separate from whites and form their own self-governing communities
Malcolm X

33. 25.3 – MALCOLM X cont.
Changed his name to “X”, which symbolized the family name of his enslaved ancestors
He broke with the Nation of Islam and changed some of his views after his pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca)
Now believed that an integrated society was possible
Assassinated in 1965 by members of the Nation of Islam (why?)
He influenced AAs for years to come
Black Panthers – formed in 1966; much more “radical”
Believed in revolution, urged AAs to arm themselves, wanted more rapid change

34. 25.3 – ASSASSINATION OF MLK C
JAMES EARL RAY