1. Evolution of the Tetrapods

2. Evolution of the Tetrapods

3. The Origin of Tetrapods
The first vertebrates on land were amphibians in the _________(400 mya)
Arose from the rhipidistian (a family of lobed finned fish) (based on morhpology) or a lungfish (DNA)

4. Origin of Tetrapods

5. Classification Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata
Superclass: Gnathostomata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela (Salamanders)
Order: Anurans (Frogs and Toads)
Order: Apodans (Caecilians)

6. Class: Amphibia Two lives refers to metamorphosis of many frogs
Skin smooth and moist (cutaneous respiration)
_____ chambered heart with a double circulation system

7. Order: Urodela 400 species Salamanders Retain their tail as adults
Limbs are at right angles to the body
Carnivorous
Most have internal fertilization using a _____________
Axolotl - paedomorphosis

8. Order: Anurans 3500 species Frogs and Toads Lose their tail as adults
Hind limbs are adapted for jumping
Tongue connected to front of mouth
Secrete mucus
__________ Fertilization

9. Order: Apodans 150 species Caecilians Legless and blind
Mostly Tropical
__________ Fertilization
Usually give birth to live young.

10. Gas Exchange

11. Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces
Large surface area
Thin
Moist

12. Aquatic vs. Terrestrial
Less than ____% oxygen
Oxygen amounts decrease as the temperature increases
Aquatic animals use large amounts of energy to obtain oxygen (____%)
About _____% oxygen
Developed invaginations to increase surface area and decrease evaporation
Terrestrial animals may use only 1% - 2% of its energy to obtain oxygen

13. Gills
Found in echino-derms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, some vertebrates
Countercurrent Gas Exchange

14. Countercurrent Gas Exchange
Maintains gradient over the whole length of the capillaries
Extracts ____% of the oxygen from the water

15. Tracheal Systems

16. Diffusion Lungs Found in invertebrates
Gas moved primarily by diffusion
may be increased by body movement
Modifications
snails - cavity with gill modified into lung
scorpions and spiders - invaginations of the abdomen

17. Ventilation Lungs Found in amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

18. Alveoli

19. Ventilating The Lungs _______ Pressure Breathing
pushes air down trachea
seen in frogs and other amphibians
________ Pressure Breathing
suction created by diaphragm
seen in mammals

20. Negative Pressure Breathing

21. Evolution of the _________ Egg
Allows animals to complete their entire life cycle on land
Has shell that retains water (or is lost when kept inside mammals)
Specialized extraembryonic membranes (not part of the animal)

22. The Amniotic Egg

23. Evolution of the Amniotic Egg
Amnion - Protects from dehydration and mechanical shock
Yolk Sac - Nutrient storage
Albumin (egg white) - Nutrient storage
Allantois - stores waste, gas exchange
Chorion - gas exchange
*** Good Essay….

24. Amniotes

25. How Reptiles differ from Amphibians
Tough, dry skin
Amniotic egg
Crushing or gripping jaws
Copulatory organs
More efficient circulatory system with a higher blood pressure
More developed lungs (thoracic breathing)
Better water conservation
Better body support and limbs
Better nervous system

26. Classification Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata
Superclass: Gnathostomata
Class: Reptilia (not real)
Class: Testudines (Turtles and Tortoises)
Class: Spenodontia (Tuataras)
Class: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes)
Class: Crocodilia (Crocodiles and Alligators)

27. Reptile Radiation Synapsids (therapsids) - led to mammals Sauropsids
_________ (turtles)
_________ (all others)

28. Class: Testudines (Chelonia)
Protective Shell
Carapace (top)
Plastron (bottom)
Land and Sea -Evolved on land and returned to water (lay eggs on land)
Largest, Leatherback Sea Turtle (2,000 lbs!)

29. Class: Testudines (Chelonia)
No _____
Most move legs to breathe
TDS (low:male high:female)

30. Class: Sphenodontia ___________ Two living species (New Zealand)
Not a True Lizard (no external ears, different teeth)
Very Primitive (similar to mesozoic reptiles
Well developed eye below skin?

31. Class: Squamata Lizards terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal
geckos, iguanas, skinks, chameleons
terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal
moveable eyelids (in most)
Paired copulatory organs

32. Class: Squamata Tongue usually not bifurcated
Lower jaw loosely connected to skull
TSD (female to male)
______________

33. Class: Squamata

34. Class: Squamata

35. Class: Squamata Gila Monster – One of three poisonous lizards
Protein in saliva studied to treat diabetes.

36. Class: Squamata
Snakes
Lack limbs
Lack moveable eyelids

37. Class: Squamata Bifurcated tongue _________ organ
Pit Vipers (Loreal Pits)

38. Class: Squamata Venom Viperidae (Folding Fangs)
Rattlesnakes
Elapidae (Fixed Front Fangs)
Cobras, Sea Snakes, Coral Snakes
neurotoxic
hemotoxic

39. Class: Squamata

40. Feeding Adaptations Teeth curved and pointed inward
Hinged __________ bone
Bones of jaw are attached by muscles and ligaments
Moveable palate
Elastic skin
No sternum

41. Class: Crocodilia Largest living reptiles
Most closely related to dinosaurs
Complete secondary ________
Four chambered heart (?)
Nest temperature (female/male)

42. Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs
Ornithischian
Saurischian
Pterosaurs
flying reptiles

43. Animal Structure and Function
(4th exam)

44. Animal Nutrition

45. Nutritional Requirements
Undernourished
not enough calories
Overnourished
too many calories
____________
missing one or more essential nutrients

46. Essential Nutrients Essential Amino Acids Essential Fatty Acids
Essential Vitamins
Essential Minerals

47. Essential Amino Acids Found in proteins
20 different types
8 essential in adult humans (9 infants)
all in animal proteins
vegetarians need to eat grains and beans

48. Histidine
__________ – Essential in infants

49. Essential Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids
used to make phospholipids for membranes

50. Essential Vitamins Fat Soluble Water Soluble stored in fat ___________
excreted in urine
B complex and C

51. Essential Minerals Inorganic nutrients Calcium & Phosphorous Iron
bones
Iron
anemia
Iodine
thyroid hormones
Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium
nerve function, water regulation

52. Food Types
Heterotrophic
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Insectivores

53. Feeding Adaptations
Suspension Feeders

54. Feeding Adaptations
Substrate Feeders

55. Feeding Adaptations
Fluid Feeders

56. Feeding Adaptations
Bulk Feeders

57. Intracellular Digestion
Inside cells
All animals
Exclusive in:
Protista
Porifera

58. Extracellular Digestion
Outside cells
All animals above the sponges
Two Types
_________________

59. Gastrovascular Cavity
One opening
Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes

60. Alimentary Canal Two openings Allows for specialization Mouth Pharynx
Esophagus
Crop
Gizzard
Stomach
Intestine
Anus

62. Mammalian Digestion Accessory Glands Peristalsis Sphincters “Food”
salivary glands
pancreas
liver (emulsification)
gallbladder
Peristalsis
Sphincters
“Food”
bolus
acid chyme
feces

63. Macromolecule Digestion

65. Dentition and Diet Nonmammal vertebrates Carnivores Herbivores
canines (grasping/puncturing)
incisors (tearing)
molars and premolars
(crushing and grinding)
Herbivores
Omnivores

66. Digestive Tracts Carnivores Herbivores ________ digestive system
small cecum
Herbivores
large cecum