1. NCCR International Trade AGRICULTURAL TRADE: TAKING INTEGRATION SERIOUSLY Presentation by Elisabeth Bürgi, lic.iur, Attorney at Law World Trade Institute Berne, Switzerland

2. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org Presentation 1.WTO embedded in International Public Law 2.Concept of Sustainable Development 3.AoA: International, related standards? 4.Logical Consequences 5.Question

3. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org TRADE RULES: EMBEDDED PROCESS

4. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org TRADE RULES: EMBEDDED PROCESS 1947 GATT „trade liberalization was embedded within a political commitment […] to the progressive, interventionist welfare state; to a particular political and social vision, including at the same time respect for diverse ways of implementing this vision […]“ Howse, 2002“

5. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org TRADE RULES: EMBEDDED PROCESS International Process towards Sustainable Development: WTO Agreement, Preamble: „[…] expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of world‘s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development […]“

6. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org „CONSTITUTIONALITY?“ „ Constitutional“ Principles of WTO and AoA versus Agreed Regulations?

7. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Concept of Sustainable Development: -evolved in the late eigthies / early nineties -answer to the increasing amount of „international community interests“ (Bruno Simma) -culmination of a fragmented process

8. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT „Umbrella“ Concept: -merge the various international community interests -while applying certain given procedural and normative standards

9. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Basic Legal Documents: -Brundtland Report -UNCED Documents (Rio Declaration, Agenda 21) -Follow-Up Documents (UN Millenium Declaration 2000, Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development 2002 )

10. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Concept: Consisting of 7 Principles Inter alia: Principle of Intergenerational Equity Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsabilities Core Principle: Principle of Integration

11. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org PRINCIPLE OF INTEGRATION: 3 Pillars? Social Objectives Economic Objectives Environmental Objectives 4th Pillar: Specific Development Concerns? 5th Pillar: Cultural Concerns?

12. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org AGRICULTURAL TRADE: Relevant Standards?

13. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org SOCIAL STANDARDS Human Rights: ICESCR Art. 11 para 2: Right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing, housing.

14. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org Discrepancies Example: Human Rights Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2003: “39. Please explain why 7 per cent of Brazilian children suffer from undernourishment, in spite of the fact that the national production of the grains would be sufficient to feed one and a half times the total population of Brazil […].”

15. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org SOCIAL STANDARDS CEDAW Art. 14: Specific Rights regarding Rural Women etc.

16. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org CULTURAL STANDARDS UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions (i.F.18.3.2007)

17. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS Biodiversity Water, Forest and Soil Protection Fishery Climate Protection

18. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS Landscape Diversity: eg. Alp Convention

19. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS Declaration on the Right to Development (1986; soft law): i.a. Responsabilities of countries to cooperate in order to overcome the gap s. also Art. 2 ICESCR

20. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org SECURITY CONCERNS National Security Concerns: i.a. UN Charter

21. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org ECONOMIC STANDARDS Basic „Constitutional“ Principles of International Trade Agreements: -Transparency -Legal Certainty -Non-discrimination (notion differs from human rights discours) -Peaceful Settlement of Disputes -Efficiency -Open Market System: Policy Intervention by members states only if necessary

22. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org OPTIMAL, INTEGRATED OUTCOME? Impacts of the AoA Regulations are optimal, when all the benchmarks are respected and promoted at most

23. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org OPTIMAL, INTEGRATED OUTCOME? Decision Making Process: Structure according to established democratic standards, i.a. impact assessments ex ante and ex post Substantive Rules: -Treat different situations differently, allow for complexity -No „No way back principle“ -Leave as much policy space as necessary -Policy Measures have to be justified by referring to recognized benchmarks etc.

24. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org AoA: ALTERNATIVES? Do the current rules comply with these criteria? Alternatives? > Brainstorming Workshop in November

25. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org WHAT STANDARDS PREVAIL? Conflicts of standards: Hierarchy? (i.a. VCLT) -Prevalence of UN Charter? -jus cogens; obligations erga omnes -higher level of governance -lex posterior -Other Criteria based on normative value?

26. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org WHAT STANDARDS PREVAIL? Examples: -Indonesia (right to food) vs Malaysia (right to food) -Switzerland (Biodiversity; cultural diversity) vs Kenya (right to food) -EC (clima protection) vs Brasil (North- South solidarity)

27. NCCR International Trade Hallerstrasse 6 3012 Berne, Switzerland www.nccr-trade.org www.wti.org Tel. +41 31 631 30 80 Fax +41 31 631 36 30 nccr@wti.org DISCUSSION Thank you for your suggestions!