2. Respiratory And Digestive Systems Liz Carroll Hour ½ Intern Mini Topics

3. Respiratory System Review The respiratory system provides for the intake and output of air and makes it possible for the exchange of gases between the blood and the air. The respiratory system provides for the intake and output of air and makes it possible for the exchange of gases between the blood and the air. The components of the respiratory system are the lungs and the series of passageways leading in and out of them. The components of the respiratory system are the lungs and the series of passageways leading in and out of them. There are two phases of respiration: inspiration and expiration. There are two phases of respiration: inspiration and expiration. The main purpose of the system is to supply oxygen to the body, expel carbon dioxide, and to regulate the bodies acid-base balances. The main purpose of the system is to supply oxygen to the body, expel carbon dioxide, and to regulate the bodies acid-base balances.

4. The Travel Air flows in a and out of the body through several passageways including: Air flows in a and out of the body through several passageways including: 1. Nasal Cavity (Nasopharynx) 2. Pharynx (Oropharynx) 3. Epiglottis 4. Larynx (Voice box) 5. Trachea (Windpipe) 6. Bronchi (Left and Right Main stems) 7. Bronchioles 8. Alveolar ducts 9. Alveolar sacs 10. Lungs 11. Thoracic Cavity

5. How they work Nasal Cavity: It starts here and hair follicles filter out the air and mucus and also warms the air Nasal Cavity: It starts here and hair follicles filter out the air and mucus and also warms the air Pharynx: Tube from back of nose and throat. Air and food travel through Pharynx: Tube from back of nose and throat. Air and food travel through Epiglottis: Flexible leaf shaped cartilage that protects the trachea from unwanted food and fluid Epiglottis: Flexible leaf shaped cartilage that protects the trachea from unwanted food and fluid Larynx: Voice box that houses the vocal cords. Responsible for providing a patent airway and it closes for food Larynx: Voice box that houses the vocal cords. Responsible for providing a patent airway and it closes for food Trachea: Windpipe. “C” shaped cartilaginous tube that runs towards lungs and splits at the base into two bronchi Trachea: Windpipe. “C” shaped cartilaginous tube that runs towards lungs and splits at the base into two bronchi

6. …Continued… Bronchioles: Branch of the main bronchi and bring air to the alveoli Bronchioles: Branch of the main bronchi and bring air to the alveoli Alveolar ducts: entrances into the alveoli Alveolar ducts: entrances into the alveoli Alveolar sacs: around 300 million per lung. Capillaries are linked all around and O2 and CO2 exchange in the blood Alveolar sacs: around 300 million per lung. Capillaries are linked all around and O2 and CO2 exchange in the blood Lungs: Center of system. Encased by the Pleural sac Lungs: Center of system. Encased by the Pleural sac Thoracic Cavity: House the system surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chest Thoracic Cavity: House the system surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chest

7. Pleural Sac Fluid filled sac that aids in breathing Fluid filled sac that aids in breathing

8. Diseases and Disorders There are several of these including: Tonsillitis, Sinusitis, Influenza, Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, COPD, Croup…. All of these are range from acute to chronic problems. They are common in different age groups There are several of these including: Tonsillitis, Sinusitis, Influenza, Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, COPD, Croup…. All of these are range from acute to chronic problems. They are common in different age groups Example croup is children and infants usually and COPD is elderly Example croup is children and infants usually and COPD is elderly

9. COPD… What is it? This is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysema, and any other chronic lung or breathing diseases. This is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysema, and any other chronic lung or breathing diseases. Affects all ages, but in particular elderly Affects all ages, but in particular elderly

11. What is it caused by? Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants, such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust, also may contribute to COPD. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants, such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust, also may contribute to COPD.

12. What does it do to the passageways? In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following: In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following: 1. The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality. 2. The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed. 3. The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed (swollen). 4. The airways make more mucus than usual, which tends to clog the airways.

13. Alveoli

14. Stats COPD is a major cause of disability, and it's the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. More than 12 million people are currently diagnosed with COPD. An additional 12 million likely have the disease and don't even know it. COPD is a major cause of disability, and it's the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. More than 12 million people are currently diagnosed with COPD. An additional 12 million likely have the disease and don't even know it. COPD develops slowly. Symptoms often worsen over time and can limit your ability to do routine activities. Severe COPD may prevent you from doing even basic activities like walking, cooking, or taking care of yourself. COPD develops slowly. Symptoms often worsen over time and can limit your ability to do routine activities. Severe COPD may prevent you from doing even basic activities like walking, cooking, or taking care of yourself.

15. How is it treated? medicines, vaccines, pulmonary rehabilitation (rehab), oxygen therapy, surgery, and managing complications medicines, vaccines, pulmonary rehabilitation (rehab), oxygen therapy, surgery, and managing complications Also again lifestyle changes like quitting smoking or exercising more Also again lifestyle changes like quitting smoking or exercising more

16. What happens if left untreated? This disease has no cure, but if caught and lifestyle changes are made it allows most people to return to regular activities. This disease has no cure, but if caught and lifestyle changes are made it allows most people to return to regular activities. If its left untreated it will sooner or later destroy the system and the alveoli sacs will become inflamed and thin and not be able to provide for proper gas exchange If its left untreated it will sooner or later destroy the system and the alveoli sacs will become inflamed and thin and not be able to provide for proper gas exchange

17. Digestive System The function of the digestive system is to prepare food for absorption and use by the cells. The organs of the alimentary canal alter the physical and chemical composition of food so it can be used by the body The function of the digestive system is to prepare food for absorption and use by the cells. The organs of the alimentary canal alter the physical and chemical composition of food so it can be used by the body The components are the alimentary canal and associated organs The components are the alimentary canal and associated organs Main purpose is to perform chemical and physical breakdown of food so that it can be used by cells and also the elimination of waste Main purpose is to perform chemical and physical breakdown of food so that it can be used by cells and also the elimination of waste

18. Main organs Alimentary canal: Digestive track, leads to small intestine to anus where feces is eliminated Alimentary canal: Digestive track, leads to small intestine to anus where feces is eliminated Mouth and Pharynx: This is used for chewing and saliva moistens food for easy breakdown and then the throat takes the food to esophagus Mouth and Pharynx: This is used for chewing and saliva moistens food for easy breakdown and then the throat takes the food to esophagus Esophagus: tube that runs to stomach and uses peristalsis to move the food Esophagus: tube that runs to stomach and uses peristalsis to move the food Stomach: temporary storage for food where further digestion takes place. Contains sphincters to control the entrance and exit of food Stomach: temporary storage for food where further digestion takes place. Contains sphincters to control the entrance and exit of food

19. Continued Small intestine: Pretty much all absorption of food takes place here then the food goes to bloodstream Small intestine: Pretty much all absorption of food takes place here then the food goes to bloodstream Large intestine: Absorbs water from indigestible food and eliminates poop Large intestine: Absorbs water from indigestible food and eliminates poop Anal Canal: Eliminates waste with use of sphincters Anal Canal: Eliminates waste with use of sphincters

20. Other Accessory organs Salivary glands Salivary glands Teeth Teeth Liver Liver Gall bladder Gall bladder Pancreas Pancreas Appendix Appendix

21. Disorders and Diseases Cleft Palate Cleft Palate Mumps Mumps Pernicious Anemia Pernicious Anemia Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids Jaundice Jaundice Diabetes Diabetes Crohn's disease Crohn's disease

22. Crohn's disease Inflammatory disease of the digestive system which may affect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus. Inflammatory disease of the digestive system which may affect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus.

23. What causes it? The disease occurs when the immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract and for this reason, the true case is still unknown The disease occurs when the immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract and for this reason, the true case is still unknown It is considered a inflammatory bowel disease It is considered a inflammatory bowel disease #1 cause is smoking #1 cause is smoking

24. Symptoms main gastrointestinal symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, (which may be visibly bloody), vomiting, or weight loss. Crohn's disease can also cause complications outside of the gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, and inflammation of the eye. main gastrointestinal symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, (which may be visibly bloody), vomiting, or weight loss. Crohn's disease can also cause complications outside of the gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, and inflammation of the eye. Symptoms vary from individuals Symptoms vary from individuals

25. How is it treated? Unlike the other major types of Inflammatory bowel disease, there is no known drug based or surgical cure for Crohn's disease. Treatment options are restricted to controlling symptoms, putting and keeping the disease in remission and preventing relapse. Unlike the other major types of Inflammatory bowel disease, there is no known drug based or surgical cure for Crohn's disease. Treatment options are restricted to controlling symptoms, putting and keeping the disease in remission and preventing relapse.

26. Stats This is thought to be genetically connected This is thought to be genetically connected Siblings are at highest risk Siblings are at highest risk Males and females are equally effected Males and females are equally effected affects between 400,000 and 600,000 people in North America affects between 400,000 and 600,000 people in North America Usually seen in teens-20’s and then again in the 50’s Usually seen in teens-20’s and then again in the 50’s

27. If left untreated… Colon Cancer Colon Cancer Chronic vomiting and diarrhea Chronic vomiting and diarrhea Blockage Blockage Burning Burning Ulcers Ulcers

28. Colon Cancer

29. Crohnie sores

30. Ulcers

31. Review Questions 1. Which part of the GI track does Crohn's Disease affect? 2. Name two of the problems that COPD results in. (pertaining to the passageways) 3. What is the #1 cause of Crohn’s Disease? 4. What are the larynx and trachea also known as? 5. What is the function of the digestive system? 6. Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place? 7. What’s the center of the respiratory system? 8. What filters out the air and mucus before it enters the lungs?