1. The Three Lines of Defense Vaccination Too Much or Too Little
Immunology
The Three Lines of Defense
Vaccination
Too Much or Too Little

2. Eukaryotic Cells, Bacteria, and Viruses, our lions tigers and bears
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Figure 9.2

3. Pathogens are disease causing organisms. The types are: Bacteria
Characteristics:
Prokaryotic
Single celled
Use of variety of resources for growth and reproduction
Produce toxins and enzymes that break down normal homeostasis
Infections:
Pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, botulism, toxic shock syndrome, syphilis, Lyme disease, etc.
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4. Pathogen: Viruses Extremely small Living? Modes of entry
Diseases: AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis, rabies, colds, flu, warts, chicken pox, some cancers
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5. Pathogen: Prions Infectious proteins
Folding problems of normal brain proteins
Resist cooking, freezing, drying
Diseases: bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE), Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)
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6. Pathogens:
Fungi often cause disease by secreting enzymes that digest cells
Candidiasis, athletes food,
Parasitic worms/protozoa cause disease by releasing toxins, feeding off blood, or competing with the host for food
Giardia, vaginitis, Leishmaniasis
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7. Disease Is Spread When a Pathogen Enters the Body Through Contact, Consumption, or an Animal Vector Infectious Disease: Example malaria
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8. Malaria example Figure: 13A-09 Title: The life cycle of Plasmodium.
Caption:
The life cycle of Plasmodium, the protozoan that causes malaria.

9. Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern
New diseases are emerging, and some old diseases are reappearing
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10. Figure: 13A-10
Title:
Recent emerging diseases.
Caption:

11. Determination of Health Risk
Transmissibility: how easily passed from person to person
Mode of transmission: respiratory, fecal–oral, body fluids
Virulence: how much damage caused by infection
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12. Lymphatic System: Functions
Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system
Transport of fats and fat-soluble material from digestive system
Filtration of foreign material to defend against infection
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13. Lymphatic System: Components
Lymph: protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes: cleanse lymph by filtering out material
Spleen: cleanses blood, removes dying red blood cells, helps fight infection
Thymus: secretes thymosin and thymopoietin to cause T lymphocytes to mature
Tonsils: protect throat
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14. The Lymph system and circulation
Remember this.
Fig 9.3
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15. The 3 lines of defense Of the Human Body…
Surface barriers to invasion (section 9.3)
Physical
Skin, Resident bacteria,
Chemical
Lysozymes
Non specific responses (Table 9.1)
Phagocytosis (Cells), Complement(Proteins), Inflammation, fever
Specific responses (section 9.5)
Immunity
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16. A summary of the 3 lines of defence by the body as outlined in sections 9.3,4,5
Title:
The body's three lines of defense against pathogens.
Caption:

17. 1st line of defence Title: The body's first line of defense. Caption:
The body's first line of defense is physical and chemical barriers that serve as nonspecific defenses that protect against any threats to our well-being. Collectively, they prevent the threat from entering the body, confine it to a local region, kill it, remove it, or slow its growth.

18. Physical and Chemical Barriers
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Sect 9.3 keeping pathogens out

19. Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of Defense
Table 9.1

20. The Inflammatory Response
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Figure 9.7

21. Nonspecific Defenses: Second Line
Phagocytosis: by neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
Inflammatory response:
Signs: redness, warmth, swelling, pain
Process: tissue damage leads to release of histamine, blood vessels dilate, complement marks bacteria, phagocytic cells arrive and remove invading microorganisms
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22. The Inflammatory Response
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Figure 9.7

23. Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of Defense
Figure 9.6b

24. Lines of Defense: Second Line
Natural killer cells: lymphocytes
Complement system: group of plasma proteins
Fever: increases host cell defenses and metabolic activity
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25. The immune Components of Blood (soluble proteins)
Interferon: Helps cells not yet infected by a virus, prevents spreading
Complement
Set of 20 different proteins that bind to and attack foreign substances and set off a series of reactions
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26. Interferon, with its last dying breath an infected cell sends out a warning.
Title:
The mechanism by which interferon protects against viruses.
Caption:

27. Complement system Figure: 9.8 Title:
Complement can destroy a pathogen by acting directly.
Caption:

28. The Third Line of Defense has:
Specificity
Memory
2 types
Antibody mediated
Cell mediated
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29. Antibody Structure Antigen Antigen- binding site Variable regions
Light chain
Constant regions
Heavy chain
Figure 9.11

30. The immune components of blood (cells) (Agranulocytes)
Macrophage (monocytes)
B cells (lymphocytes)
T cells (lymphocyte)
Engulf pathogens present antigens
present antigens, produce antibodies, memory and plasma
determine if immune response should occur
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31. Definitions
Self- when a cell contains surface proteins that the immune system recognizes as belonging to the body
Nonself- markers from substances other than self that cause an immune response
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32. Define: will go over look up
Antigen
Pathogen
Antibody
Macrophage
MHC
APC
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33. Immune specificity and memory
The body responds to a specific antigen
It takes a long time for the body to find a B cell that produces the specific antigen
Memory cells enable the body to respond to an antigen quicker the second time around
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34. Two Types of Specific defense
Antibody-mediated immune responses
Mostly against free antigen in body fluids
Memory B cells transform into plasma cells and produce antibodies that clear the antigen
Cell-mediated immune responses
Where cells (cytotoxic T cell) destroy other cells (cancer)
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35. Clonal Selection: helper, cytotoxic T cells
Figure: 9.13
Title:
Clonal selection is the process by which the specificity of the immune response develops.

36. Still activation and clonal expansion of helper t cells 9.13
Title:
Clonal selection is the process by which the specificity of the immune response develops.
Caption:
Bottom half.

37. Make a cartoon on the board. Of an APC
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38. APC Figure: 13-10 Title: MHC markers. Caption:
All the nucleated cells in your body have molecular MHC markers on their surface that label them as “self.” Foreign substances, including potential disease-causing organisms, have molecules on their surfaces that are not recognized as belonging in the body. Foreign molecules that are capable of triggering an immune response are called antigens.

39. Antibodies are produced against specific antigens
Figure: 13-14
Title:
Antibody structure.
Caption:
An antibody is a Y-shaped protein designed to recognize a specific antigen. The recognition of a specific antigen occurs because of the shape of the tips of the Y in the antibody molecule.

40. The Immune System Mounts Antibody-Mediated Responses and Cell-Mediated Responses
Cytotoxic T cells mount a cell-mediated immune response to destroy antigen-bearing cells
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41. Immunological memory allows for a more rapid response on subsequent exposure
Figure: 13-16
Title:
The primary and secondary immune responses.
Caption:
During the primary response, which occurs after the first exposure to an antigen, a delay of several days occurs before the concentration of circulating antibodies begins to increase. It takes 1 to 2 weeks for the antibody concentration to peak because the few lymphocytes programmed to recognize that particular antigen must be located and activated. (The T cells show a similar pattern of response.) The secondary response following a subsequent exposure to an antigen is swifter and stronger than the primary response. The long-lived memory cells produced during the primary response cause this difference. The memory cells create a larger pool of lymphocytes programmed to respond to that particular antigen.

42. Allergies are a result of immunological memory
Figure: 13-19
Title:
Steps involved in an allergic reaction.
Caption:

43. Table: 13-T06
Title:
Autoimmune disorders.
Caption:

44. Another picture of clonal selection
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45. Too much immunity Allergies Rheumatoid Arthritis systemic lupus
transplant rej.
The immune system over responds, mainly IgE
Antibodies to IgG deteriorates synovial membrane
Antibodies to DNA gives a whole host of responses
Body rejects what is needed yet is foreign materials
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46. Too little response AIDS SCID Anaphylaxis
T cells become infected with HIV
lack B and T cells at birth
a systemic release of basophils and their histamine
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47. Vaccination
When the body is introduced to an antigen that will not cause disease
Active immunity- you catch the disease and get over it.
Active artificial- your get vaccinated with a killed or part of a pathogen.
Passive immunity- mothers milk provides resistance.
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48. Bio 130 Human Biology

49. What do the cells of the immune response do?
B Cells
T Cells
Mast Cells
Macrophage
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50. A person has HIV tainted blood spilled on them, will they automatically get AIDS?
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51. How Do Vaccines work?
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52. Why don’t all tissue transplants work?
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53. Define Clonal Selection
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54. Xolair and IGE, Xolair will reduce the amount of IgE
Define IgG and IgE
Taking shots
Doing this.
The Allergy Cascade
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55. Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
Certain bacteria produce toxins that cause disease
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56. Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
bacterial toxins
beneficial bacteria
antibiotics
antibiotic resistance
Viruses can damage the host cell as they leave the cell after replication or when incorporated into the cell’s chromosomes
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57. Figure: 13A-03a
Title:
The structure of a typical virus.
Caption:
(a) The structure of a typical virus. A protein coat, called a capsid, surrounds a core of genetic information made up of DNA or RNA. Some viruses have an outer membranous layer, called the envelope, from which glycoproteins project.

58. Figure: 13A-03b
Title:
Steps in viral replication.
Caption:
(b) Steps in viral replication.

59. Table: 13A-T01
Title:
Possible effects of viruses on cells.
Caption:

60. Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
Protozoans cause disease by producing toxins and enzymes
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61. Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
Fungi often cause disease by secreting enzymes that digest cells
Parasitic worms cause disease by releasing toxins, feeding off blood, or competing with the host for food
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62. Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
Prions cause disease by causing normal proteins to become misfolded and form
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63. Disease Is Spread When a Pathogen Enters the Body Through Contact, Consumption, or an Animal Vector Infectious Disease
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64. Examples of mondern-day Plagues Genital warts Genital herpes Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
hepatitis
Influenza
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Lyme disease
hantavirus
Table: 13A-T02
Title:
Examples of modern-day plagues.
Caption:

65. Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern
New diseases are emerging, and some old diseases are reappearing
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66. Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern
Epidemiologists track diseases
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67. Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons
Anthrax is caused by a bacterium that forms resistant spores
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68. Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons
Smallpox is caused by a highly contagious virus
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69. Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons
Botulinum toxin is a potent poison
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70. The CDC Tracks diseases and epidemics
Tries to prevent disease and epidemics
Pandemics
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71. Story Time Hunt for a vaccine against Cavities
Saving and storing cord blood
A possible cure for your cancer
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