1. Types of Material
IE 351
Lecture 3

2. Engineering Materials

3. Classification of Materials
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Composite Materials

4. Further Classification
Metals
Ferrous
Non-ferrous
Super alloys
Ceramics
Traditional ceramics
New ceramics
Glass

5. Further Classification
Polymers
Thermoplastics
Thermosets
Elastomers
Composite Materials
Metal Matrix Composites
Ceramic Matrix Composites
Polymer Matrix Composites

6. Metals Ferrous Metals Non-ferrous metals Cast irons Steels
Aluminum and its alloys
Copper and its alloys
Magnesium and its alloys
Nickel and its alloys
Titanium and its alloys

7. Metals Ferrous Metals Superalloys Non-ferrous metals Cast irons Steels
Iron-based
Nickel-based
Cobalt-based
Non-ferrous metals
Aluminum and its alloys
Copper and its alloys
Magnesium and its alloys
Nickel and its alloys
Titanium and its alloys
Zinc and its alloys
Lead & Tin
Refractory metals
Precious metals

8. Heat Treatment of Metals
Annealing
Full annealing
Normalising (faster rate of cooling)
Recovery annealing (longer holding time, slower rate of cooling,)
Stress relieving (lower temperature)
Martensite formation in steel
Austenitizing (conversion to austenite)
Quenching (control cooling rate
Tempering (reduce brittleness)

9. Heat Treatment of Metals
Precipitation hardening
Solution treatment (-phase conversion)
quenching
precipitation treatment (aging)
Surface hardening
Carburizing
Nitriding
Carbonitriding
Chromizing and Boronizing

10. Heat Treatment of Steel

11. Precipitation Hardening
Solution treatment
Quenching
Precipitation treatment

12. Furnaces for Heat Treatment
Fuel fire furnaces
gas
oil
Electric furnaces
batch furnaces
box furnaces - door
car-bottom furnaces - track for moving large parts
bell-type furnaces - cover/bell lifted by gantry crane
continuous furnaces

13. Furnaces for Heat Treatment
Vacuum furnaces
Salt-bath furnaces
Fluidized-bed furnaces
Some of the furnaces have special atmosphere requirements, such as carbon- and nitrogen- rich atmosphere.

14. Surface Hardening Methods
Flame hardening
Induction heating
High-frequency resistance heating
Electron beam heating
Laser beam heating

15. Surface Hardening Methods
Induction
heating
High frequency
resistance
heating

16. Ceramics Traditional ceramics New ceramics clays: kaolinite
silica: quartz, sandstone
alumina
silicon carbide
New ceramics
oxide ceramics : alumina
carbides : silicon carbide, titanium carbide, etc.
nitrides : silicon nitride, boron nitiride, etc.

17. Glass ceramics - polycrystalline structure
Glass products
window glass
containers
light bulb glass
laboratory glass
glass fibers
optical glass
Glass ceramics - polycrystalline structure

18. Polymers
Thermoplastics - reversible in phase by heating and cooling. Solid phase at room temperature and liquid phase at elevated temperature.
Thermosets - irreversible in phase by heating and cooling. Change to liquid phase when heated, then follow with an irreversible exothermic chemical reaction. Remain in solid phase subsequently.
Elastomers - Rubbers

19. Thermoplastics Acetals Acrylics - PMMA
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene - ABS
Cellulosics
Fluoropolymers - PTFE , Teflon
Polyamides (PA) - Nylons, Kevlar
Polysters - PET
Polyethylene (PE) - HDPE, LDPE
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

20. Thermosets
Amino resins
Epoxies
Phenolics
Polyesters
Polyurethanes
Silicones

21. Elastomers Natural rubber Synthetic rubbers butadiene rubber
butyl rubber
chloroprene rubber
ethylene-propylene rubber
isoprene rubber
nitrile rubber
polyurethanes
silicones
styrene-butadiene rubber
thermoplastic elastomers

22. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)
Composite Materials
Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)
Mixture of ceramics and metals reinforced by strong, high-stiffness fibers
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
Ceramics such as aluminum oxide and silicon carbide embedded with fibers for improved properties, especially high temperature applications.
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)
Thermosets or thermoplastics mixed with fiber reinforcement or powder.

23. Composite Materials
1D fibre
Woven fabric
Random fibre

24. Composite Materials

25. Material Selection
Ashby,: Material Selection in Mechanical Design

26. Taxonomy of Materials Selection
Ashby,: Material Selection in Mechanical Design

27. Material Specification
Chemical composition
Mechanical properties – Strength, hardness (under various conditions: temperature, humidity, pressure)
Physical properties – density, optical, electrical, magnetic
Environmental – green, recycling

33. Typical Selection of Carbon and Alloy Steels for Various Applications

34. Mechanical Properties of Selected Carbon and Alloy Steels in Various Conditions

35. AISI Designation for High-Strength Sheet Steel

36. Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties and Applications of Annealed Stainless Steels

37. Basic Types of Tool and Die Steels

38. Processing and Service Characteristics of Common Tool and Die Steels