1. Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

2. What is a Mineral? Naturally-formed solid substance with a crystal structure Naturally-formed solid substance with a crystal structure Pyromorphite Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

3. What do all minerals have in common? All: 1. Are formed by natural processes. 2. Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive 3. Have a definite volume and shape 4. Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup 5. Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a CRYSTAL) Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

4. Watch “Crystals” by Brainpop…Crystals 1.What element are diamonds made from? 2. What do all crystals have in common? Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

5. Groups of Minerals Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Amethyst Beryl (Emerald) Calcite Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

6. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Silicates Contain oxygen & silica Contain oxygen & silica The most abundant group of minerals The most abundant group of minerals Quartz, mica MICA Quartz Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

7. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Non-Silicates Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust Include some of the most important minerals Include some of the most important minerals iron, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies Silver Gold Ruby Iron Copper Diamond Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

8. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Carbonates Carbon & oxygen and a positive ion, such as calcium Carbon & oxygen and a positive ion, such as calcium Calcite (CaCO 3 ) Calcite with Duftite inclusions Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

9. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Oxides  Metallic ion and oxygen Hematite (Fe 2 )O 3 Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

10. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Sulfides  Sulfur and a metallic ion Galena (PbS) Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

11. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Sulfates  Metallic ion, Sulfur & oxygen Barite (BaSO 4 ) Barite on Calcite BaSo4 / CaCO3 Barite BaSo4 Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

12. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Native Elements  Single elements Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag) Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

13. How do minerals form? 1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle)) 1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle)) Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids) Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids) Medium Cooling = small crystals Medium Cooling = small crystals Slow Cooling = large crystals Slow Cooling = large crystals Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

14. How do minerals form? 2) Elements dissolved in liquids (usually water) 2) Elements dissolved in liquids (usually water) Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

15. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Color Can be misleading Can be misleading Can vary with the type of impurities Can vary with the type of impurities Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

16. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Luster Surface reflection Surface reflection metallic = shiny like metal metallic = shiny like metal non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface Pyrite has a metallic luster Calcite has a non-metallic luster Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

17. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Streak The color of the powdered form of the mineral The color of the powdered form of the mineral The color of the streak can be different than the mineral The color of the streak can be different than the mineral Minerals must be softer than the streak plate Minerals must be softer than the streak plate Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

18. Streak…can help identify quartz http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

19. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Hardness How easily a mineral scratches materials How easily a mineral scratches materials Mohs Hardness Scale Mohs Hardness Scale Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file) Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file) Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

20. Find out more… “Electronic” Hardness Test “Electronic” Hardness Test http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomy steries/cube/b2.html http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomy steries/cube/b2.html Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

21. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Cleavage & Fracture The way the mineral breaks The way the mineral breaks Cleavage—minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape Cleavage—minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

23. Cleavage or Fracture? 1. 4. 3. 2. Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

24. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Other Properties Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity) Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity) Attraction to magnets Attraction to magnets Bending of light Bending of light Reaction with hydrochloric acid Reaction with hydrochloric acid Smell & taste Smell & taste http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b4.html Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

25. Watch Brainpop—“Mineral Identification” 1. If a mineral can scratch your fingernail, the mineral is _______________ than your fingernail. 2. What is luster? Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com

26. Watch Classifying Minerals Clip Classifying Minerals Classifying Minerals Rubin Pajoohan Fartak International Engineering co. www.irannovation.com