1. Psychoanalytic Approach
Developed by Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality
Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind
Sex was such a taboo that it may have caused Freud to become fixated on the subject and leading him to make it the root cause of neurosis
Keywords: psychoanalytic approach, unconscious motivation
Graphics: picture of Freud pg. 420 Myers

2. Psychoanalytic Approach
Ego
Rational,
planful,
mediating
dimension
of personality
Conscious
Information
in your
immediate
awareness
Superego
Moralistic,
judgmental,
perfectionist
dimension of
personality
Preconscious
Information
which can
easily be
made
conscious
Unconscious
Thoughts,
feelings,
urges, and other
information
that is difficult
to bring to
conscious
awareness Id
Irrational,
illogical,
impulsive
dimension of
personality

3. Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind
Id - instinctual drives present at birth
resides in the unconscious
born with primal urges
does not distinguish between reality and fantasy
operates according to the pleasure principle
Primary process
attempt to achieve gratification (reduce internal tensions)
fantasies and dreams
Keywords: id
Graphics: fig pg. 475 Hockenbury

4. Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind
Ego - develops out of the id in infancy
understands reality and logic
created to satisfy the Id but within societal norms
mediator between id and superego
executive of the personality
operates according to the reality principle
resides mostly in the conscious
Secondary Process
Ego attempts to reduce tensions of the Id within society’s norms in attempt to release pent up energy

5. Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind
Superego
internalization of society’s moral standards
created by society
responsible for guilt and uses guilt to attain goals
operates according to the moral principle
resides mostly in the unconscious

6. Psychosexual Stages Libido
Freud’s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone (sensitive)
Libido
Energy (Sexual)
Fixation - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it was achieved in these stages –stuck in a stage
Keywords: fixation

7. Oral Stage (birth - 1 year)
Mouth is associated with pleasure from breast feeding/bottles
Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly
Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood
Smokers, drinkers, nail biters, lollipop suckers
excessive eating & talking, chewing pencils and eating ice cubes
Optimism
Overindulged- optimistic dependent
Pessimism
Frustrated – pessimistic aggressive
Keywords: oral stage

8. Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) Associated with pleasure
Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly
Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood
Anal Retentive
Neat, orderly, organized, careful, hoarding, precise, prompt, withholding, passive-aggressive, stingy and stubborn
Anal Expulsive
Messy, disorderly, disorganized, careless, wasteful, extravagant, reckless, tardy, defiant, aggressive and stubborn
Keywords: anal stage

9. Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years)
Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals
Oedipus or Electra complex can occur
Desire for the opposite sex parent
Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females
Keywords: phallic stage, Oedipus complex, Electra complex

10. Latency Stage (5 - puberty)
Sexuality is repressed
Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships
Girls/Boys have cooties
Some believe that since there is no sexual expression in this stage then it is not really a psychosexual stage
Keywords: latency stage

11. Genital Stage (puberty on)
Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others
Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages
Keywords: genital stage

12. Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety
Keywords: defense mechanisms

13. Defense Mechanisms
Denial – refusing to accept realities that are too painful
Displacement - when a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego
Sublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by society
Fantasy – Unconsciously dreaming up false realities
Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else
Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts
Reaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite
Keywords: repression, reaction formation

14. Defense Mechanisms
Regression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development
Repression - keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mind
Para praxes – Freudian slip; a compromise between desire & defense
Keywords: displacement, sublimation

15. Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories: neo-Freudians
Carl Jung’s collective unconscious (inherited experiences), introversion, extraversion
Alfred Adler’s individual psychology
Karen Horney’s focus on security
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development
Keywords: Karen Horney, object relations theories, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung
Graphics: pics. of Horney pg. 484, Adler pg. 485 of Hockenbury, pic. of Jung pg. 425 Hockenbury, pic. of Erikson pg.407 Hockenbury

16. Carl Jung Division of Personality Conscious Ego Personal Unconscious
Perceptions, thoughts and feelings
Personal Unconscious
Threatening thoughts similar to Freud’s unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Ancestral memories
Archetypes: Inherited, general tendencies passed on from ancestors
Universal across cultures
Types
Hero- good, courageous, noble
Mother- kind, caring and supportive
Animus- male side of the personality
Anima– female side of the personality
Persona- mask to protect ego

17. Alfred Adler
emphasized social influence on personality development (disagreed with sexual motivations)
childhood feelings of inferiority
Striving for superiority
Failure to overcome physical weakness creates an inferiority complex
Fixation on inadequacies

18. Karen Horney First feminist voice in psychoanalytical theory
Basic anxiety
Anything that disturbs the security of the child in relation to its parents produce anxiety
Mother creates neurotic tendency in children
Womb Envy
Mothers have a stronger connection with their children and fathers are envious