1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carl P. Gabbard PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by Alberto Cordova, University of Texas at San Antonio Chapter 3 Physical Growth Changes

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Physical Growth and Development Growth during the prenatal stage Changes through the first year Growth spurt in early adulthood Regression in later adulthood Figure 1.2

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Anthropology The study of the nature, distribution, and significance of biological various in humans Anthropometry The study of biological growth and body measurement General Terminology

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Distance Curves for Change in Height Figure 3.1

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Velocity Curve for Height Figure 3.2

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The prenatal period presents the greatest variation in human growth and development. Conception Germinal Period Embryonic Period Fetal Period Prenatal Development Table 3.1

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The pubescent growth spurt represents the life span’s most dramatic period of biological change. Females 10 –13 years (menarche) Males 12 – 15 years The Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth Spurt Figure 3.3

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical maturation and growth Motor performance Gender differences Females mature earlier Height and weight Shoulder and hip width Body fat Sexual maturation The Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth Spurt

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pituitary (produces GH) Thyroid (throxine) Pancreas (insulin) Adrenal Sex glands Ovaries/testes Hormonal Influence Figure 3.4

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Influence on the Body at Puberty Figure 3.5

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6 Changes of Testosterone and Estrogen Levels with Age

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 3.2

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Growth is relative to head size. At birth, the head is about ¼ the total length of the body. Body Proportion Changes Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 3.3

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Head Circumference for Boys Figure 3.9

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Head Circumference for Girls Figure 3.10

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measuring Sitting Height Figure 3.12 Figure 3.11

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Proportion Changes Table 3.14 Table 3.13

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Shoulder and Hip Width Ratios Figure 3.15

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Somatotype A person’s body build Endomorphy Soft and round in contour Mesomorphy Well-defined muscularity and balanced body Ectomorphy Leanest body type Physique

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Height Average length is 20 inches at birth Average of 50% increase in the first year Growth accelerates before and during puberty. Females complete peak growth before males do. Structural Development Figure 3.18

22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measuring Length \ Figure 3.16 Figure 3.17

23. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Distance Curves for Stature Figure 3.19

24. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stature-for-Age Charts (boys left, girls right) Figure 3.21 Figure 3.20

25. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Height Change in Men and Women Figure 3.24

26. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dark areas denote ossified portions and spaces between cartilage models Fetal Skeleton at 18 Weeks Figure 3.22

27. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Growth Figure 3.23

28. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ossification (bone development) mesoderm cell  cartilage  bone 800 ossification centers at birth Epiphyseal plate, growth plate Osteoblasts Osteocytes Modeling resorption Skeletal Growth

29. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone loss in women begins slowly during the third decade and can increase shortly before or after menopause. The total bone loss by age 70 is approx. 25–30%. Bone loss estimates for men at age 70 are about half of what women experience (12–15% by age 70). Bone Loss

30. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Age Changes in Width of Cortical Bone (2nd Metacarpal) Figure 3.25

31. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Loss of Bone Density in Females Figure 3.26

32. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body weight Total body mass (all tissue components) Body composition Tissues Lean body mass (muscle tissue, fat-free) Body fat Body Mass

33. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Weight-Distance Curve Figure 3.27

34. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Weight Charts (boys left, girls right) Figure 3.29 Figure 3.28

35. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings BMI Charts (boys left, girls right) Figure 3.31 Figure 3.30

36. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Composition Body Fat Growth Skeletal Muscle Hyperplasia / Hypertrophy

37. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Composition Change as a Function of Age Figure 3.32

38. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Fat Figure 3.33

39. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Fat Figure 3.34

40. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings After the 16th week of fetal development, the first muscle fibers can be identified. Fiber Type (at birth): Type I (slow-twitch)50% Type II (fast-twitch)25% Transitional Fibers 25% Skeletal Muscle

41. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexual Development Table 3.36 Table 3.35

42. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 3.4

43. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chronological Age Biological Age Morphological Age Dental Age Sexual Age Skeletal Age Best indicator of maturity Maturity Estimates

44. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.37 Figure 3.38 Male hand at 156 months Female hand at 128 months Male hand at 48 months Female hand at 37 months X Ray of the Hand

45. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biological clock Early maturers / late maturers Secular trend Maturity Variations

46. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Comparison of generations Faster rate of maturation Negative trend: children have more body fat and are less active Figure 3.39 Secular Trend for Menarche

47. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body length and weight at birth: walking Body fat: locomotor performance Somatotype: strength performance Gender differences Implications for Motor Performance

48. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary The Developmental Continuum includes all changes from conception to death, “Although the first two decades of life are a period of significant growth increases, marked changes also occur during later stages of the aging process. In comparison to the other developmental stages of life, the prenatal period represents the greatest variation in human growth and development.” (Gabbard) In the later years of life, as we get older, people generally get shorter (bone mass) and lose muscle mass.