1. Coloring the Periodic Table Families
8th Grade Science
Mrs. Kielbasa
Some images are from
2008

3. Why is the Periodic Table important to me?
The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist.
You get to use it on every test.
It organizes lots of information about all the known elements.

4. Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …
…was a mess!!!
No organization of elements.
Imagine going to a grocery store with no organization!!
Difficult to find information.
Chemistry didn’t make sense.

5. Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table
HOW HIS WORKED…
Put elements in rows by increasing atomic weight.
Put elements in columns by the way they reacted.
SOME PROBLEMS…
He left blank spaces for what he said were undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!)
He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep similar reacting elements together.

6. The Current Periodic Table
Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.
Now the elements are put in rows by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!!
The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7.
The vertical columns are called groups are labeled from 1 to 18.

7. Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!!
Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!!
(Mendeleev did that on purpose.)
Why??
They have the same number of valence electrons.
They will form the same kinds of ions.

8. Families on the Periodic Table
Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into families bases on their chemical properties.
Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table.
Elements in each family react
differently with other elements.
Families may be one column,
or several put together.
Families have names rather
than numbers. (Just like your
family has a common last name.)

9. Hydrogen Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own.
Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas.
Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg.
Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles

10. Hydrogen is a non-metal
1 Electron

11. Alkali Metals
1st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen.
Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt).
Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

12. ALKALI METALS Group 1 Hydrogen is not a member, it is a non-metal
1 electron in the outer shell
Soft and silvery metals
Very reactive, esp. with water
Conduct electricity
Image:

13. Alkaline Earth Metals Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2)
Reactive metals that are always combined with nonmetals in nature.
Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)

14. ALKALINE EARTH METALS Group 2 2 electrons in the outer shell
White and malleable
Reactive, but less than Alkali metals
Conduct electricity

15. Transition Metals Elements in groups 3-12 Less reactive harder metals
Includes metals used in jewelry and construction.
Metals used “as metal.”

16. TRANSITION METALS Groups in the middle (3-12)
Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Some are used for jewelry.
The transition metals are able to put up to 32 electrons in their second to last shell.
Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes.

17. Boron Family Elements in group 13
Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”

18. BORON FAMILY Group 13 3 electrons in the outer shell Most are metals
Boron is a metalloid

19. Carbon Family Elements in group 14
Contains elements important to life and computers.
Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry.
Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors.

20. CARBON FAMILY Group 14 4 electrons in the outer shell
Contains metals, metalloids, and a non-metal Carbon (C)

21. Nitrogen Family Elements in group 15
Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things.
Most of the world’s nitrogen is not available to living things.
The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

22. NITROGEN FAMILY Group 15 5 electrons in the outer shell
Can share electrons to form compounds
Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals

23. Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
Elements in group 16
Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

24. OXYGEN FAMILY Group 16 6 electrons in the outer shell
Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals
Reactive

25. Halogens Elements in group 17
Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals
Always found combined with other element in nature .
Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

26. Halogens Group 17 7 electrons in the outer shell All are non-metals
Very reactive are often bonded with elements from Group 1

27. The Noble Gases

28. The Noble Gases Elements in group 18 VERY unreactive, monatomic gases
Used in lighted “neon” signs
Used in blimps to fix the Hindenberg problem.
Have a full valence shell.

29. Noble Gases Group 18 Exist as gases Non-metals
8 electrons in the outer shell = Full
Helium (He) has only 2 electrons in the outer shell = Full
Not reactive with other elements

30. Lanthanide - Rare Earth Metals
Some are radioactive
silver, silvery-white, or gray metals.
Conduct electricity
Burn easily in air
High melting points and boiling points.

31. Actinides - All are radioactive. highly electropositive.
metals tarnish readily in air.
very dense metals with distinctive structures.
react with boiling water or dilute acid to release hydrogen gas.
combine directly with most nonmetals.

36. Periodic Table Song