1. Copyright © 1995–2004 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook, Ninth Edition WRITING IN THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES

2. Copyright © 1995–2004 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook, Ninth Edition GUIDELINES FOR ACADEMIC WRITERS Become familiar with the methodology and the kinds of evidence for the discipline in which you are writing. Analyze the special demands of each assignment—the kind of research and sources you need. The questions you set out to answer, the assertions you wish to support, will govern how you choose your sources and evidence. Become familiar with the discipline’s specialized tools and language. Use the discipline’s style for source citations and document format. 51.1

3. Copyright © 1995–2004 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook, Ninth Edition QUESTIONS FOR ANALYZING FICTION What happens in the story?  Summarize the plot  Think about what your summary leaves out Is the story told in chronological order, or are there flashbacks or flashforwards?  On rereading, what foreshadowing do you detect? What conflicts does the work include? How does the writer develop characters? äExplicit comment? Through action? äWith which characters do you sympathize? äWhich are plausible? äWhat motivates them? äDo minor characters contribute to the work? 52.1a

4. Copyright © 1995–2004 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook, Ninth Edition QUESTIONS FOR ANALYZING FICTION (continued) Who tells the story?  Is the narrator a character, or entirely outside the character’s world?  What does the narrator’s point of view contribute to the story’s theme? (See p. 792.) What is the setting?  What do time and place of the action contribute to the work? Are certain characters, settings, or actions symbolic? What is the theme? äDoes it reinforce your values, or does it challenge them? Is the title informative? äDid its meaning change for you after you read the work? 52.1b

5. Copyright © 1995–2004 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook, Ninth Edition QUESTIONS FOR ANALYZING POETRY What parts of the poem interest or puzzle you? äWhat words seem especially striking or unusual? How can you describe the poem’s speaker? äWhat tone or emotion do you detect? What is the structure of the poem? äAre there stanzas? How is the thought related to the stanzas? What is the theme of the poem? äIs the theme stated or implied? What images do you find? äIs there a surprising pattern of images? What does the poem suggest symbolically? Literally? 52.2

6. Copyright © 1995–2004 by Pearson Education, publishing as Longman Publishers Fowler/Aaron, The Little, Brown Handbook, Ninth Edition QUESTIONS FOR ANALYZING DRAMA How does the plot unfold? äIs it plausible? If not, is the implausibility a fault? äIs there more than one plot? Are certain happenings recurrent? What kinds of conflicts are in the play? äHow are conflicts resolved? Is the resolution satisfying to you? How does the author develop the characters? äDo some characters serve as foils? äDo the characters change during the play? What do the author’s stage directions add to your understanding and appreciation of the play? What do you make of the setting, or location? äDoes it help to reveal character or theme? Do certain costumes or properties strike you as symbolic? 52.3