1. Slide 1 Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle

2. Slide 2 Diffusion—Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

3. Slide 3 Net Movement movement which changes concentration

4. Slide 4

5. Slide 5 Factors that affect diffusion Particle size and shape Particle size and shape Temperature Temperature Concentration gradient—Difference in concentration. Concentration gradient—Difference in concentration. Cytoplasmic streaming—Continuous movement of materials in cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic streaming—Continuous movement of materials in cytoplasm.

6. Slide 6 Diffuse in Membranes 1. Passive Transport Moving of materials across cell membrane without using cellular energy. Diffusion (phospholipids) Diffusion (phospholipids) Facilitated Diffusion (transport proteins) Facilitated Diffusion (transport proteins) Uses Channel Proteins Active Transport Moving of materials across cell membrane using cellular energy Uses Carrier Proteins

7. Slide 7 Osmosis Diffusion of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of HIGH water concentration (low solute) to an area of LOW water concentration (high solute) Water moves from an area of HIGH water concentration (low solute) to an area of LOW water concentration (high solute)

8. Slide 8 Osmosis

9. Slide 9 Osmotic Pressure Force produced by the net movement of water out of or into cell. Result: Turgid pressure-plants straight up Water purification (reverse osmosis) Desalinates Salt Water

10. Slide 10 Osmotic Condition—Cell concentrations versus environmental solution concentrations. IsotonicHypotonicHypertonic

11. Slide 11 Isotonic “Iso” means same Solution concentrations inside is the same as outside. No net movement of water. Animal cells: Normal Plant Cells: Flaccid

12. Slide 12 Solute concentrations outside is less than cell concentration. Animal Cell : Lysed Plant Cell: Turgid “Hypo” - under

13. Slide 13

14. Slide 14 Solute concentration outside is greater than cell concentration. Animal Cell: Shrink Plant Cell: Plasmolyzed “Hyper” - above

15. Slide 15 This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water - its a myth that drinking sea water will cause you to go insane, but people marooned at sea will speed up dehydration (and death) by drinking sea water. This is also why "salting fields" was a common tactic during war, it would kill the crops in the field, thus causing food shortages.

16. Slide 16

17. Slide 17 Hypertonic, Isotonic and Hypotonic

18. Slide 18

19. Slide 19

20. Slide 20 Active TransPort Using a protein molecule to move particles up the concentration gradient. Requires ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

21. Slide 21 Example of how the cell uses Active Transport Pump—Proteins that use active transport to move particles between the interior and exterior of the cell. e.g. Sodium/Potassium pump: Used to move sodium and potassium ions across nerve membranes.

22. Slide 22 Active Transport Versus Passive Transport

23. Slide 23 Large Molecules

24. Slide 24 Endocytosis: Cell membrane indents around molecule and forms a vesicle. Pinocytosis—Uptaking fluid molecules Pinocytosis—Uptaking fluid molecules Phagocytosis—Uptaking solid molecules Phagocytosis—Uptaking solid molecules

25. Slide 25 Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

26. Slide 26 Exocytosis Vesicles fuse with cell membrane to release materials.

27. Slide 27 Endocytosis and Exocytosis

28. Slide 28

29. Slide 29 Cell Size Cell size range from 8 micrometers in diameter to 1 meter with small diameters. Cell size range from 8 micrometers in diameter to 1 meter with small diameters. Most cells are between 2 and 200 micrometers in diameter. Most cells are between 2 and 200 micrometers in diameter.

30. Slide 30 Comparison of Cell sizes

31. Slide 31 Cell Size Limitations Cell must be small Cell must be small –larger cells find it difficult to bring in enough food –export enough waste to keep the cell alive. Rate of Diffusion Rate of Diffusion –Size :diffusion slower and less efficient. DNA—Cell cannot survive unless DNA—Cell cannot survive unless –enough DNA to support protein needs of cell –cell activities are carried out quickly and efficiently

32. Slide 32 Surface area-to-volume ratio Another size limiting factor is the cell’s surface area-to-volume ratio. As cell’s size increases, its volume increases much faster than its surface area.

33. Slide 33 Cell Surface area-to-volume ratio As cell size increases, the ratio of cell volume to cell surface area decreases. Cells increase in size, there isn't enough cell membrane to adequately supply the cell interior with enough oxygen, water, and food. When this happens, the cell dies.

34. Slide 34

35. Slide 35 Cell Growth and Reproduction

36. Slide 36 Cell Theory All cells come from pre-existing cells! Cell division results in two cells that are identical to the original parent cell.

37. Slide 37 Chromosomes Chroma (Greek) “colored” Soma “body” Dark-staining structures that contain genetic information that is crucial to the identity of the cell.

38. Slide 38 Structure of the Eukaryotic Chromosome Exist as CHROMATIN—Long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins. Exist as CHROMATIN—Long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins. Microscope—Plate of spaghetti Microscope—Plate of spaghetti

39. Slide 39 Cell Cycle The cell cycle –Interphase (most of the cell’s metabolic functions are carried out and the chromosomes are replicated) LONGEST of Cell Cycle –Mitosis when nuclear division occurs, leading to the formation of two daughter cells. –The division of the cytoplasm, called cytokinesis, follows mitosis.

40. Slide 40 Cell Cycle: Sequence of growth and cell division of a cell

41. Slide 41 Interphase Cell grows in size Cell grows in size Carry on metabolism Carry on metabolism Chromosomes are duplicated for cell division. Chromosomes are duplicated for cell division.

42. Slide 42 Interphase:Cell Prepares for Mitosis G1: Chromosomes are not visible under light (uncoiled); Protein synthesis is rapidly occurring. S Stage: Chromosomes replicated in the nucleus; Chromosomes divide to form identical sister chromatids connected by a centromere. G2: Chromosomes begin to shorten and coil, and protein synthesis is in high gear; In animals, the centriole pair replicates and prepares to form mitotic spindle

43. Slide 43 Mitosis: A period of nuclear division The process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes. The process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.

44. Slide 44 Mitosis Mitosis Prophase Prophase Metaphase Metaphase Anaphase Anaphase Telophase Telophase

45. Slide 45 Prophase 1 st / longest phase of mitosis. 1 st / longest phase of mitosis. Chromatin coils up-chromosomes. Chromatin coils up-chromosomes. Two halves of the double structure are called sister chromatids. (Exact Copies of each other) Two halves of the double structure are called sister chromatids. (Exact Copies of each other) Centromere—holds together sister chromatids. Centromere—holds together sister chromatids.

46. Slide 46 Prophase continued… Nucleus disappears Nucleus disappears Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate. Animals—centrioles migrate to opposite end of the cell. Animals—centrioles migrate to opposite end of the cell. Centriole—Small, dark, cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and are located just outside the nucleus. Centriole—Small, dark, cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and are located just outside the nucleus.

47. Slide 47 Prophase continued… Spindle—A football shaped, cage-like structure consisting of thin fibers made of microtubules. Spindle—A football shaped, cage-like structure consisting of thin fibers made of microtubules.

48. Slide 48 Metaphase: Second stage of mitosis Chromosomes Chromosomes –Attach to the spindle fibers via centromeres. –Pulled by spindle fibers and line up on the midline (equator). One sister chromatid’s spindle fiber extends to one pole, and the other extends to the opposite poles (ensures a complete set of chromosomes) One sister chromatid’s spindle fiber extends to one pole, and the other extends to the opposite poles (ensures a complete set of chromosomes)

49. Slide 49 Anaphase: Third Phase of Mitosis Separation of sister chromosomes Separation of sister chromosomes –Centromeres split apart and chromatid pair separate –Pulled apart by the shortening of the microtubules in the spindle fiber.

50. Slide 50 Telophase: 4 th phase of mitosis Chromosomes reach opposite poles of cell. Chromosomes reach opposite poles of cell. Prophase changes are reversed (independent existence). Prophase changes are reversed (independent existence). Chromosomes unwind; Spindle breaks down; nucleolus reappears; new nuclear envelope forms each set of chromosomes; new double membrane begins to form. Chromosomes unwind; Spindle breaks down; nucleolus reappears; new nuclear envelope forms each set of chromosomes; new double membrane begins to form.

51. Slide 51 Cytokinesis Cytoplasm division Cytoplasm division Animal Cells—towards the end of telophase the plasma membrane pinches in along the equator Animal Cells—towards the end of telophase the plasma membrane pinches in along the equator Plant Cells—plants have rigid cell wall, so cell plate is laid down across cell’s equator. Cell membrane forms around each cell, and new cell walls form on each side of the cell plate until separation is complete. Plant Cells—plants have rigid cell wall, so cell plate is laid down across cell’s equator. Cell membrane forms around each cell, and new cell walls form on each side of the cell plate until separation is complete.

52. Slide 52 Result of Mitosis Two new cells with chromosome sets identical to those of the parents; Carry out same function of parent cells; Grow and divide like parent cells. Two new cells with chromosome sets identical to those of the parents; Carry out same function of parent cells; Grow and divide like parent cells. Tissues: group of cells that work together to do a specific function. Tissues: group of cells that work together to do a specific function. Organs: group of two or more tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism. Organs: group of two or more tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism. Organ Systems: Multiple organs that work together to perform specific life function. Organ Systems: Multiple organs that work together to perform specific life function.

53. Slide 53

54. Slide 54 Cell Cycle

55. Slide 55 Control of Cell Cycle Cell cycle 24 to 48 hours 24 to 48 hours less then an hour less then an hour never divide only mature never divide only mature A mistake in the cell cycle can lead to cancer.

56. Slide 56 Control of the Cell Cycle Enzymes Enzymes –Begin and drive the cell cycle –Control the cycle through its phases. Cell can lose control ( uncontrolled dividing) Cell can lose control ( uncontrolled dividing) –failure to produce certain enzymes –production of other enzymes at the wrong time. Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division.

57. Slide 57 Causes of loss of control of cell cycle Environmental Factors Environmental Factors Changes in enzyme production Changes in enzyme production –Enzyme production is directed by genes located on the chromosome. –A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein. Many studies point to portion of interphase just before DNA replication as being a key control period. Many studies point to portion of interphase just before DNA replication as being a key control period.

58. Slide 58 Cancer: A mistake in the Cell Cycle Expressed as cancer when something prompts the damaged genes into action.

59. Slide 59 Cancer Cancerous cells form masses of tissue called tumors that deprive normal cells of nutrients. Cancerous cells form masses of tissue called tumors that deprive normal cells of nutrients. Late Stages: Cancer cells enter the circulatory system and spread throughout the body (Metastasis), forming new tumors that disrupt the function of organs, organ systems, and ultimately the organism. Late Stages: Cancer cells enter the circulatory system and spread throughout the body (Metastasis), forming new tumors that disrupt the function of organs, organ systems, and ultimately the organism.

60. Slide 60 In Cancer Cells There is no awareness of surroundings. Cells do not stop dividing when crowded. Cells do not stop after a set number of divisions. Cells do not enter a resting state. Cells divide faster and take less time to complete the cycle.

61. Slide 61

62. Slide 62 Cancer: 2 nd Leading Cause of death in the United States Environmental and Genetic Factors Cigarette smoke Cigarette smoke Air Air Water pollution Water pollution Exposure to UV Radiation Exposure to UV Radiation Viral Infections Viral Infections MySpace, Facebook and Twitter MySpace, Facebook and Twitter

63. Slide 63 Cancer Prevention Link between healthy lifestyle and the incidence of cancer. Link between healthy lifestyle and the incidence of cancer. Diets low in fat and high in fiber. Diets low in fat and high in fiber. Minimal amounts of fat. Minimal amounts of fat. Vitamins and minerals; carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E and calcium. Vitamins and minerals; carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E and calcium. Daily exercise Daily exercise No smoking No smoking Don’t use MySpace, Don’t use MySpace, Face Book and Twitter Face Book and Twitter

64. Slide 64

65. Slide 65 Surface Area and Volume Surface Area: 6 (# of sides) x A x A Volume: A x A X A Cube doubled Cube doubled Outside Grows by 4 xOutside Grows by 4 x Inside grows by 8 xInside grows by 8 x

66. Slide 66

67. Slide 67