1. Eukaryotic Cell Division
Purpose
Increase cell number for growth, maintenance, repair, or reproduction
Cell Types
Somatic
Germ
Cell Division Cycle
Interphase
Nuclear Division (Mitosis or Meiosis)
Cytokinesis

2. Fig. 5.1a

3. TERMINOLOGY Genetic Material Chromatin
Structural Types
Chromatin
Uncoiled genetic material not visible with a light microscope.
Chromosome
Coiled genetic material visible with a light microscope.

4. Fig. 5A

5. Terminology Genetic Material Structural Apparatus Sister Chromatids
One of two identical copies of genetic material attached at the centromere.
Centromere
Constricted portion of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together.
Kinetochore
Protein structure at the centromere to which spindle fibers attach.

7. Terminology Centrioles
Cylindrical structure within a centrosome producing spindle fibers.

8. Terminology
Mitotic Spindles (Spindle Fibers) Microtubules that bring about chromosomal movement.

9. SOMATIC CELL DIVISION
Somatic Cells Definition All diploid cells that are not involved in gamete formation. Examples Skin, Heart, Liver, Intestinal, Bone, Muscle Type of Cell Division Mitotic (Mitosis) Steps Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

10. SOMATIC CELL DIVISION Mitotic Cell Division Outcome
Each daughter cell is a clone of the parent.
Each cell has homologous pairs (diploid, N) of chromosomes.
  Human Karyotype
46 chromosomes
. 22 paired autosomes sex chromosomes ( XX or XY)

11. KARYOTYPE

12. Homologous Pairs, Diploid, 2N
Autosomes
#1-22
Sex Chromosomes

13. 22.9
Humanoid
Daughter’s Old Boyfriend

14. MITOTIC CELL DIVISION Interphase Purpose
Preparation for cell division.
  Steps
G1 (Gap 1) Phase
S Phase (Synthesis)
G2 (Gap 2) Phase
Genetic Material
Chromatin

15. INTERPHASE G1 (Gap 1) Phase Undividing Cell 1) Cell growth
2) Cell metabolism
Dividing Cell
1) Organelles begin to replicate
2) Preparation for S phase
a) DNA is checked for damage 
b) Environment is checked for adequacy
c) Cell size is checked

16. Fig. 5.1b

17. G1 PHASE

19. INTERPHASE S (Synthesis) Phase DNA replication
Formation of Sister Chromatids

20. DNA REPLICATION
Sister Chromatids

21. INTERPHASE G2 (Gap 2) Phase Final preparation for mitosis.
Check for DNA damage
Check to see that S phase is complete
Check the environment for adequacy
Finish Organelle Replication

22. Fig. 5.1b

23. MITOTIC CELL DIVISION Mitosis Purpose Nuclear division
Separation of sister chromatids
Steps
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

24. MITOSIS Prophase 1) Chromatin coils becoming chromosome.
2) Nuclear envelope disintegrates.
3) Centrioles produce mitotic spindles and
move toward the spindle poles
4) Kinetochore fibers attach to kinetochores
5) Polar fibers run from pole to pole
6) Asters attach centrioles to plasma
membrane

27. MITOSIS Metaphase Centriole movement aligns chromosomes at
the spindle equator.
  M Checkpoint for spindle fiber attachment.

29. MITOSIS Anaphase 1) Kinetochores pull on Kinetochore fibers
2) Sister chromatids separate.
a) Chromatids are now referred to as “Daughter Chromosomes”.
3) Daughter chromosomes move toward opposite spindle poles.

30. Daughter Chromosome

32. MITOSIS Telophase 1) Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles.
2) Nuclear membrane regenerates.
3) Spindle fibers disintegrate.
4) Chromosomes become chromatin.

34. CYTOKINESIS Types Purpose Cleavage Furrow
Formation of two daughter cells.
Types
Animal Cell
Cleavage Furrow
Formation of a contractile ring at the cell equator which will "pinch“ the cell in two.
  Plant Cell
Cell Plate
Construction of a new cell wall inside of the cell creating two cells.

35. ANIMAL CYTOKINESIS

36. ANIMAL CYTOKINESIS

37. DAUGHTER CELLS

38. PLANT CYTOKINESIS

39. PLANT CYTOKINESIS