1. Cell Reproduction  Prokaryotes Bacteria  Eukaryotes Plants & animals copyright cmassengale

2. Prokaryotes  Lack a nucleus  Have a single chromosome  Reproduce by binary fission  Include bacteria copyright cmassengale

3. Steps in Binary Fission  Used by bacteria  Cells increase their cell mass slightly  DNA & cell components are replicated  Each cell divides into 2 daughter cells copyright cmassengale

4. Binary Fission of Bacterial Cell copyright cmassengale

5. E. Coli Dividing by Binary Fission copyright cmassengale

6. Eukaryotes  Contain a nucleus & membrane bound organelles  Asexually reproduce cells by mitosis copyright cmassengale

7. Cell Cycle  Stages in growth & division  G1 Phase  S Phase  G2 Phase  M Phase  Cytokinesis copyright cmassengale

8. G1 Phase  First growth stage  Cell increases in size  Cell prepares to copy its DNA copyright cmassengale

9. Synthesis Phase  Copying of all of DNA’s instructions  Chromosomes duplicated copyright cmassengale

10. G2 Phase  Time between DNA synthesis & mitosis  Cell continues growing  Needed proteins produced copyright cmassengale

11. M Phase  Cell growth & protein production stop  Cell’s energy used to make 2 daughter cells  Called mitosis or karyokinesis (nuclear division) copyright cmassengale

12. Life Cycle of a Cell Mitosis is a cycle with no beginning or end. copyright cmassengale

13. Interphase – Resting Stage  Cells carrying on normal activities  Chromosomes aren’t visible  Cell metabolism is occurring  Occurs before mitosis copyright cmassengale

14. Interphase

15. Stages of Mitosis  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase copyright cmassengale

16. Cells Undergoing Mitosis copyright cmassengale

17. Steps in Prophase  DNA coils tightly & becomes visible as chromosomes  Nuclear membrane disappears  Nuceolus disappears  Centrioles migrate to poles  Spindle begins to form copyright cmassengale

18. Prophase

19. Eukaryotic Chromosome copyright cmassengale

20. Human Chromosomes copyright cmassengale

21. Steps in Metaphase  Spindle fibers from centrioles attach to each chromosome  Cell preparing to separate its chromosomes  Cell aligns its chromosomes in the middle of the cell copyright cmassengale

22. Metaphase

23. Steps in Anaphase  Cell chromosomes are separated  Spindle fibers shorten so chromosomes pulled to ends of cell copyright cmassengale

24. Mitotic Spindle copyright cmassengale

25. Anaphase

26. Steps in Telophase  Separation of chromosomes completed  Cell Plate forms (plants)  Cleavage furrow forms(animals)  Nucleus & nucleolus reform  Chromosomes uncoil copyright cmassengale

27. Telophase Plant Animal copyright cmassengale

28. Cytokinesis  Occurs after chromosomes separate  Forms two, identical daughter cells copyright cmassengale

29. Cytokinesis Cell Plate Forming in Plant Cells copyright cmassengale

30. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Prophase (PREPARE)

31. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Metaphase (MIDDLE)

32. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Anaphase (AWAY)

33. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Telophase (TWO)

34. Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Cytokinesis (TWO IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS)

35. Let’s Review…

37. IV. Cell Specialization

38. A. Cells in Unicellular Organisms… 1. One cell makes up entire organisms. No cell specialization.

39. B. Cells in Multicellular Organisms… 1. Cell Specialization All of an organism’s cells have the same DNA Different cells use different genes to perform different functions Why do prokaryotes NOT have cell specialization?

40. Cells in Multicellular Organisms… Cell Specialization Examples: Blood cells carry oxygen Muscle cells control movement Nerve cells used for response