1. Mitosis/Meiosis

2. Cell Growth Reason: – Large cells create more of a demand on DNA – Trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across cell membrane

3. Importance: cells regenerate – Repair/renew – Growth – reproduction

4. Reproduction – Asexual 1 parent Simple cell division- cells duplicate genetic material, splits into 2 new identical offspring – Ex: Paramecium, sea stars

5. Sexual Reproduction – 2 parents – Genetic material combine- offspring differ from parents – Union of sex cells (egg + sperm) Ex: multicellular organisms, single celled organisms

6. 2 types of cell division – Mitosis – Meiosis

7. Cell Cycle Chromatin- fibers containing protein + DNA Chromosomes- chromatin condensed into visible structures - thousands of genes Ex: Humans= 46 chromosomes

9. Before cell division- chromosomes duplicate Sister chromatids- identical copies joined Centromere- joins chromatids

10. Cell Cycle Birth of cell till time it reproduces Interphase (90%) – G1 (gap) – S phase (synthesis) – G2 M Phase (mitotic) Cytokinesis

11. Cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides – (1 nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane)

12. Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

13. Cytokinesis in a Plant Cell

14. Mitosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WwIKdy BN_s&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WwIKdy BN_s&feature=related Spindle- microtubules that guide movement of chromosomes Centrosomes- spindles grow from here – Contain centrioles in animal cells

15. Draw stages of mitosis Pg 246-247 Draw each stage of mitosis, the drawing should be neat and in color Label each phase and include a detailed description of what is occurring in each Label – Centrioles- spindle – Chromatin- centromere – Chromosomes- sister chromatids – Nuclear envelope

16. Prophase chromatin condenses into chromosomes Nuclear envelope breaks down Mitotic spindle forms Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

17. Metaphase Chromosomes line up across center of cell Chromosomes attached to spindle fibers by centrioles

18. Anaphase Sister chromatids separate Move toward poles by spindles, microtubules shorten Microtubules also lengthen and push poles apart

19. Telophase Chromosomes reach poles of spindle Spindles disappear 2 nuclear envelopes reform Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen

20. Mitosis in a Whitefish

21. Mitosis in Animal Cells

22. Mitosis in a Plant Cell

23. Tumors and Cancer Out of control cell reproduction = mass of cells or tumor Benign Tumor – Removable by surgery – Cells remain at original site

24. Malignant Tumor- masses of cells from reproduction of cancer cells Cancer- disruption of cell cycle Metastasis- spread of cancer cells beyond original site

26. Cancer Treatment Removed by surgery Radiation therapy- high energy radiation disrupts cell division Chemotherapy- drugs which disrupts cell division

27. Meiosis Cell division= 4 cells each – ½ the number of chromosomes as parent Occurs in sex organs

28. Karyotypes- display of chromosomes – Each with twin that resembles size + shape – Inherit one chromosome of each pair from mother and father= Homologous chromosome

30. Homologous Chromosome same sequence of genes Control same inherited characteristics Ex: eye color gene located on same place of the homologous chromosomes but one gene may call for blue the other brown

31. Humans- 23 homologous chromosomes – Females – Males Sex chromosomes – Male XY – Female XX

32. Diploid (2n)- 2 homologous sets of chromosomes Haploid (n)- single set of chromosomes, produced by meiosis n = 23 2n =46 2(23)=46 Fertilization- haploid cells fuse (egg + sperm) Zygote- fertilized egg - diploid

33. Spermatogenesis- making sperm cell – all four cells develop into sperm Oogenesis –making an egg cell=one egg

35. Process of Meiosis Life cycles of all sexual reproducing organisms alter haploid and diploid stages Keeps chromosome # from doubling every generation Exchange of genetic material b/w homologous chromosomes

36. 2 meiotic division – Meiosis I- homologous chromosomes separated – Meiosis II- sister chromatids are separated into haploid cells

37. Prophase I HC stick together = 4 chromatids (tetrad) Spindle attaches to tetrad Crossing over- sister chromatids exchange material

38. Metaphase I tetrads move to middle of cell and line up

39. Anaphase I HC separate and move to opposite ends

40. Telophase I and Cytokinesis Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles Nuclear envelope begins to form Cytokineses occurs forming 2 haploid cells

41. Prophase II spindle forms and attaches to centromeres

42. Metaphase II chromosomes line up in center

43. Anaphase II sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

44. Telophase II and Cytokinesis Chromatids considered individual chromosomes arrive at opposite poles Cytokinesis splits cells Produce 4 haploid daughter cells

45. Genetic Variation Assortment of chromosomes- happens by chance Formula for different combinations - 2ⁿ Ex: Humans 2²³ = 8 million possible combos Crossing Over- exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes – Occurs during prophase – Genetic recombination