1. In the name of ALLAH the most MERCIFUL the most BENEFICIENT

2. CHALLENGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Presented By Tayyaba Batool

3. Sequence Definitions of Science and Technology Definitions of Science and Technology Why Science and Technology in Education Why Science and Technology in Education Relevance of Science and Technology in Education Relevance of Science and Technology in Education Improving Science and Technology, Education Training and Culture Improving Science and Technology, Education Training and Culture Promotion and Commercialization of Research and Development Promotion and Commercialization of Research and Development

4. Promoting the Transfer and Adaptation of New and Emerging Technologies Promoting the Transfer and Adaptation of New and Emerging Technologies Promoting Environmentally-Sound Technologies Promoting Environmentally-Sound Technologies Achieving Effective Science and Technology Achieving Effective Science and Technology Promoting Use of Information Technology Promoting Use of Information Technology Other Challenges Faced by the Teachers Other Challenges Faced by the Teachers What do Teachers need to know? What do Teachers need to know?

5. INTRODUCTION Integral part of modern life. Integral part of modern life. Essential for understanding the world Essential for understanding the world Tool of organizing thinking and classifying experience. Tool of organizing thinking and classifying experience. Education to impart the basic S & T and technological knowledge. Education to impart the basic S & T and technological knowledge.

6. Science Latin, “scientias” – knowledge. Latin, “scientias” – knowledge. knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world." knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world." ( Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary ) ( Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary )

7. Technology Tekhnologia, systematic treatment of an art or craft : tekhne, skill. Tekhnologia, systematic treatment of an art or craft : tekhne, skill. Tools or implements, are more than mere extensions of human capacity -- we live in an "Information Society." Walter Ong puts it, “Technologies are not mere exterior aids but also interior transformations of consciousness”. the new technologies such as computer programs changes the structure of thought That shows us that more of the tools we have inherited are in fact technologies too. Tools or implements, are more than mere extensions of human capacity -- we live in an "Information Society." Walter Ong puts it, “Technologies are not mere exterior aids but also interior transformations of consciousness”. the new technologies such as computer programs changes the structure of thought That shows us that more of the tools we have inherited are in fact technologies too. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed., 2000.) (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed., 2000.)

8. Why Science and Technology in Education? To train specialized people to meet national needs, and the realization that the general public must have some scientific knowledge “scientific literacy” To train specialized people to meet national needs, and the realization that the general public must have some scientific knowledge “scientific literacy” To live in harmony with social and material environment. To live in harmony with social and material environment.

9. Relevance of Education with Science and Technology Measures to make science and technology curricula more relevant. Education must reflect “ real” science and technology Education must reflect “ real” science and technology should relate to the learners should relate to the learners linked with the world outside the classroom, through work experience if necessary. linked with the world outside the classroom, through work experience if necessary. linked with availability of food, energy and mineral resources, both now and the future. linked with availability of food, energy and mineral resources, both now and the future.

10. Improving Science and Technology Education, Training and Culture Improving Science and Technology Education, Training and Culture Strategic Challenge reviewing school curricula reviewing school curricula promoting and encouraging skills training and development; promoting and encouraging skills training and development; developing science and technology culture developing science and technology culture

11. Strategic Options strengthening S&T education; strengthening S&T education; introducing specialization in the teaching of science subjects; introducing specialization in the teaching of science subjects; formalizing science curriculum in primary schools as a building block and prerequisite for secondary school science; redesigning curriculum so that physics, chemistry, and biology are taught separately; formalizing science curriculum in primary schools as a building block and prerequisite for secondary school science; redesigning curriculum so that physics, chemistry, and biology are taught separately; introducing and promoting computer studies; introducing and promoting computer studies; strengthening the teaching of technical subjects and emphasizing applied science; strengthening the teaching of technical subjects and emphasizing applied science; setting up scholarships for graduate studies in science in priority areas; setting up scholarships for graduate studies in science in priority areas; addressing the problem of brain drain from other sectors; and addressing the problem of brain drain from other sectors; and Introducing S&T achievement awards Introducing S&T achievement awards

12. Promotion and Commercialization of Research and Development Strategic Challenge attracting foreign direct investment and promoting technology transfer; attracting foreign direct investment and promoting technology transfer; establishing monitoring mechanisms for technology transfer establishing monitoring mechanisms for technology transfer building capacity to assimilate technology; and protecting intellectual property-rights. building capacity to assimilate technology; and protecting intellectual property-rights.

13. Strategic Options increasing private sector membership in National Research Council. increasing private sector membership in National Research Council. reviewing the institutional framework for S&T; reviewing the institutional framework for S&T; promoting and accelerating R&D dissemination and commercialization; promoting and accelerating R&D dissemination and commercialization; increasing R&D funding to reach at least 1 percent of GDP; increasing R&D funding to reach at least 1 percent of GDP; introducing an R&D levy on industry; introducing an R&D levy on industry; according incentives for R&D activities; according incentives for R&D activities; promoting deliberate import material substitution; and promoting deliberate import material substitution; and building and strengthening S&T institutional infrastructure. building and strengthening S&T institutional infrastructure.

14. Promoting the Transfer and Adaptation of New and Emerging Technologies Strategic Challenge technologies developed outside country a not suited to the country's circumstances. technologies developed outside country a not suited to the country's circumstances. The country has little capacity to choose and adapt foreign technologies The country has little capacity to choose and adapt foreign technologies

15. Strategic Options identifying technologies that promote export-led industrialization; identifying technologies that promote export-led industrialization; setting-up a framework for deliberate transfer of technology; setting-up a framework for deliberate transfer of technology; improving collaboration in technology transfer; improving collaboration in technology transfer; creating a mechanism for monitoring inflows of new and emerging technologies; creating a mechanism for monitoring inflows of new and emerging technologies; establishing a science and technology intelligence unit; establishing a science and technology intelligence unit; creating a data-base for technology transfer and use; creating a data-base for technology transfer and use; reviewing the current intellectual property-rights laws and patent laws to safeguard inventions. reviewing the current intellectual property-rights laws and patent laws to safeguard inventions.

16. Promoting Environmentally-Sound Technologies Strategic Challenge making information available; making information available; reviewing available regulation and enforcement reviewing available regulation and enforcement developing monitoring systems and programmes; developing monitoring systems and programmes; introducing training programmes; introducing training programmes; enhancing selection of environmentally-sound technologies. enhancing selection of environmentally-sound technologies.

17. Strategic Options building and strengthening information networks at the national, sub-regional, and international levels; building and strengthening information networks at the national, sub-regional, and international levels; publicizing the existing Environmental Management Act (EMA) and other legal instruments; publicizing the existing Environmental Management Act (EMA) and other legal instruments; developing standards for environmentally- sound technologies; developing standards for environmentally- sound technologies; establishing an environmental monitoring programme; establishing an environmental monitoring programme; introducing environmental elements in the education curricula at all levels; and introducing environmental elements in the education curricula at all levels; and building capacity for the assessment of environmentally- sound technologies. building capacity for the assessment of environmentally- sound technologies.

18. Achieving Effective Science and Technology increasing the number of scientists and technologists; increasing the number of scientists and technologists; promoting effective transfer of technology promoting effective transfer of technology evaluating the performance of S&T institutions; evaluating the performance of S&T institutions; developing a comprehensive national S&T Policy. developing a comprehensive national S&T Policy.

19. Strategic Options reducing the rate of attrition of S&T human resources; reducing the rate of attrition of S&T human resources; enhancing gender balance in science and technology- led development; enhancing gender balance in science and technology- led development; expanding and encouraging education and training in science and engineering; expanding and encouraging education and training in science and engineering; increasing training of S&T educators at all levels; increasing training of S&T educators at all levels; encouraging the establishment of private S&T oriented training institutions; encouraging the establishment of private S&T oriented training institutions; reviewing the current S&T policy and developing a more comprehensive national S&T policy; reviewing the current S&T policy and developing a more comprehensive national S&T policy; establishing capabilities for technology negotiation; and establishing capabilities for technology negotiation; and periodically evaluating performance of S&T institutions periodically evaluating performance of S&T institutions

20. Promoting Use of Information Technology promote the use of IT. promote the use of IT. Strategic Options Strategic Options reviewing the Telecommunications Act to create an independent licensing body; reviewing the Telecommunications Act to create an independent licensing body; improving investment opportunities in IT, improving investment opportunities in IT,

21. removing monopolistic tendencies within IT industry; removing monopolistic tendencies within IT industry; reducing tariffs on imported computers and parts to reduce costs; reducing tariffs on imported computers and parts to reduce costs; improving access to national and international information; improving access to national and international information; introducing computers at early stages of education; and introducing computers at early stages of education; and according duty-free importation of information technology equipment for use in private and public schools and colleges. according duty-free importation of information technology equipment for use in private and public schools and colleges.

22. Other Challenges Faced by the Teachers large classes, large classes, language of instruction and language of instruction and shortages of resources and personnel. shortages of resources and personnel. designing curricula which promotes science for the scientist versus science for the citizen. designing curricula which promotes science for the scientist versus science for the citizen.

23. What do Teachers need to know? more than the learners they are teaching more than the learners they are teaching teachers with insufficient content knowledge have difficulty emphasizing the main points, tend to avoid learner questions and allow less learner participation in their lessons. teachers with insufficient content knowledge have difficulty emphasizing the main points, tend to avoid learner questions and allow less learner participation in their lessons.

24. teachers with high level of content knowledge and no teaching expertise or experience tend to teach unprocessed content, including complex steps in their reasoning and not taking into account what the learners know or can do. teachers with high level of content knowledge and no teaching expertise or experience tend to teach unprocessed content, including complex steps in their reasoning and not taking into account what the learners know or can do.

25. teachers teaching natural science need to have some expertise on four different themes, including physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics teachers teaching natural science need to have some expertise on four different themes, including physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics Need of the Hour To produce teachers who are flexible and scientifically literate enough to find and read material to prepare lessons on all four themes. To produce teachers who are flexible and scientifically literate enough to find and read material to prepare lessons on all four themes.

26. Teacher Training Curriculum be revised Teacher Training Curriculum be revised Government should emphasize on ergonomic principles Government should emphasize on ergonomic principles Educational institutes be equipped with proper and material and A.V. aids. Educational institutes be equipped with proper and material and A.V. aids. Involvement of the society be sought. Involvement of the society be sought.

27. THANK YOU VERY MUCH THANK YOU VERY MUCH