1. Al Harris Library Library Instruction for Historical Research Frederic Murray MLIS, University of British Columbia BA, Political Science, University of Iowa Instructional Services Librarian frederic.murray@swosu.edu

2. Center for History & New Media Teaching & Learning Providing free access to primary sources, building high-quality online teaching modules, and offering instruction on critical thinking skills.

3. “There are days when the result is so bad that no fewer than five revisions are required. In contrast, when I'm greatly inspired, only four revisions are needed." --John Kenneth Galbraith

4. Boyer, Paul S., and Stephen Nissenbaum. Salem Possessed; The Social Origins of Witchcraft. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1974. WRITING is essentially REWRITING… REWRITING…

5. Today’s Class Research Strategies –Process –Thesis –Boolean –Keyword –Limiters –Citation Tracking –Works Cited Resources –Catalogs –Bibliographies –Databases –Scholarly Journals –WWW –Primary Sources –Secondary Sources –Tertiary Sources

6. Exercise I: Research Puzzle

7. The Research Process GET A TOPIC DEVELOP YOUR SEARCH STRATEGY SEARCH AND READ WRITE YOUR PAPER, SPEECH PRESENTATION ETC. CITE YOUR SOURCES

8. Goal: write a paper that… 1.Asks a good historical question 2. Tells how its interpretation connects to previous work by other historians, and 3. Offers a well-organized and persuasive thesis of its own.

9. Create a Thesis Statement Thesis Statements –Make an assertion –Take a stand –Explain what you’re going to write about –Are narrow and specific –Have one main point Think about questions your research might help you answer. State your topic as a question first, then revise it to be a statement.

10. Offering a well-organized and persuasive thesis Think of your thesis as answering a question Have your thesis answer a "how" or "why" question, rather than a "what" question “what” leads to mere description critical analysis“how” & “why” leads to critical analysis

11. Strong Thesis Statement Strong Thesis Statement ( Exercise II) 1.Is specific 2. Addresses a potential contradiction and is arguable 3. Provides a logical way to structure the argument

12. Boolean AND = Narrow OR = Expand NOT = Exclude

13. Searching for Primary Sources KEYWORDS - Correspondence - Sources - Diaries - Interviews - “Literary collections” - “Personal narratives” “ - “Pictorial works” - Posters - Songs/Music - Speeches, addresses, etc. - Treaties Tell the Catalog/Database/SE what you seek: Specifically!

14. Keywords & Boolean Civil War and Diaries Civil War and Sources Civil War and Correspondence WORKS FOR CATALOG/DATABASES/SE

15. Class Exercise III: Keywords Civil War and History Civil War and ?

16. Al Harris Catalog Remember* Catalog defaults to relevance search Remember* Use a Keyword search and Boolean to help limit results Remember* Use Limiters to narrow your search. Remember* Use Subject links to focus on your topic.

17. Open World Cat Meta search engine for online catalogs of libraries all over the world. Search for any book using a geographic location for the closest sources. Over 9000 libraries combined. If you find it in WorldCat, and it's not in our library, we can get it through ILL.WorldCat CREATE A USER ACCOUNT

18. E-Books: Ebrary/Netbook 24/7 Full Text Searching* Highlight Markup Note Taking Changeable Font Size Multiplicity of Use CREATE A BOOKSHELF

19. Searching for Primary Sources KEYWORDS - Correspondence - Sources - Diaries - Interviews - “Literary collections” - “Personal narratives” - “Pictorial works” - Posters - Songs/Music - Speeches, addresses, etc. - Treaties Tell the Catalog/Database what you seek: Specifically!

20. Keywords & Boolean Civil War and Diaries Civil War and Sources Civil War and Correspondence In Open WorldCat this is a Gold Mine!

21. Exercise IV: Catalog/WorldCat/Ebrary Topic: Russian Revolution Try to find a Primary Source

22. What types of sources will you use for your research? Books/Bibliographies Journal Articles Primary Documents –Print documents and manuscripts –First person accounts in newspapers –Online digital collections CITATIONS

23. Bibliographies, Indexes & Abstracts Bibliographies –Annotated –National –Subject Indexes –An open-end finding guide to the literature of an academic field or discipline. Abstracts –A brief, objective representation of the essential content of a book, article, speech, report, dissertation. Traditional Reference Tools used to find sources.

24. Keywords & Boolean “Civil War” and Bibliographies “Civil War” and Indexes “Civil War” and Abstracts WORKS FOR CATALOG/DATABASES/WEB

25. Databases: Social Sciences History Resource Center: United States History Resource Center: World New York Times, 1851–2004 JSTOR Journal Archive/Project Muse Oklahoma Historical Society OSU Library Electronic Publishing Center Use Advanced Search: Boolean/ Keywords/Limiters

26. Limiters: Database Field Headings Title Author Source Date Abstract Full Text Subject/Keyword Databases can be searched using any combination of the field headings.

27. Ebsco Demonstration

28. JSTOR JSTOR is a full-text scholarly journal archive. JSTOR specializes in making available the back issues of journals in a wide variety of humanities and social science disciplines.

29. Project Muse Project Muse contains the full text of over 40 Johns Hopkins Press scholarly journals in the humanities and social sciences

30. Finding Articles: Citations

31. Citations Shriver Jr., Donald W. “Bosnia in Fear and Hope.” World Policy Journal; Summer2001, Vol. 18 Issue 2, p43, 11p Formats: PDF (Portable Document Format) HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

32. Citations Shriver Jr., Donald W. “Bosnia in Fear and Hope.” World Policy Journal; Summer2001, Vol. 18 Issue 2, p43, 11p PDF / HTML Search the Virtual Stacks

34. Tracking Citations Shriver Jr., Donald W. “Bosnia in Fear and Hope.” World Policy Journal; Summer2001, Vol. 18 Issue 2, p43, 11p

35. The Citation Video

36. Exercise V & VI: JSTOR & Citation Search Topic: Tulsa Race RiotTulsa Race Riot

37. Peer-Reviewed Articles POPULAR MAGAZINES COME IN MANY FORMATS, BUT USUALLY SOMEWHAT SLICK AND ATTRACTIVE IN APPEARANCE RARELY CITE SOURCES. INFO. IS USUALLY SECONDARY, REPORTED FROM SOURCE ARTICLES SHORT, WRITTEN IN SIMPLE LANGUAGE AND FOR A MINIMAL EDUCATION LEVEL USUALLY LOT OF ADVERTISING AND PICTURES PAGINATION RESTARTS IN EVERY ISSUE SCHOLARLY JOURNALS HAVE A SOBER, SERIOUS LOOK ALWAYS CITE THEIR SOURCES IN FOOTNOTES/BIBLIOGRAPHIES ARTICLES WRITTEN BY A SCHOLAR OR RESEARCHER “HORSE’S MOUTH” PEER-REVIEWED BY SCHOLARS LANGUAGE OF JOURNAL ASSUMES SOME SCHOLARLY BACKGROUND ON THE PART OF READER ADVERTISING IS SPECIALIZED TO THAT DISCIPLINE PAGINATION IS CUMULATIVE

38. Ulrichsweb: Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory Global source for periodicals since 1932. Bibliographic database providing authoritative information on serials published throughout the world. Exercise VII: What Makes a Journal ScholarlyWhat Makes a Journal Scholarly ?

39. Primary Sources Primary sources are original records created at the time historical events occurred or well after events in the form of memoirs and oral histories. –Print documents and manuscripts –First person accounts in newspapers –Online digital collections National Archives & Records Administration

40. DEFINITIONS Sources that contain raw, original, non interpreted and unevaluated information. Sources that digest, analyze, evaluate and interpret the information contained within primary sources. They tend to be argumentative. Sources that compile, analyze, and digest secondary sources. They tend to be factual. TIMING OF PUBLICATION CYCLE Primary sources tend to come first in the publication cycle. Secondary sources tend to come second in the publication cycle. Tertiary sources tend to come last in the publication cycle. FORMATS--depends on the kind of analysis being conducted. Often newspapers, weekly and monthly-produced magazines; letters, diaries. Often scholarly periodicals and books. (Professors like these.) Often reference books. EXAMPLE: Historian (studying the Vietnam War) Newspaper articles, weekly news magazines, monthly magazines, diaries, correspondence, diplomatic records. Articles in scholarly journals analyzing the war, possibly footnoting primary documents; books analyzing the war. Historical Dictionary of Vietnam ; The Vietnam War, An Almanac PRIMARYSECONDARYTERTIARY

41. Works Cited Page TWO PARTS Primary Secondary Be sure to divide your sources into primary and secondary.

42. Finding Primary Sources: WWW Library of Congress An outstanding and invaluable site for American history and general studies. Contains primary and secondary documents, exhibits, map collections, prints and photographs, sound recordings, and motion pictures. The LOC's American Memory Historical Collections, a must-see, contain the bulk of digitalized materials, but the Exhibitions Gallery is enticing and informative as well. Library of Congress National Archives and Records Administration The NARA offers federal archives, exhibits, classroom resources, census records, Hot Topics, and more. The Online Exhibit Hall has features on the New Deal, WWII, and photographs from 1864 to 1921. National Archives and Records Administration

43. Finding Primary Sources: WWW American Memory: Historical Collections for the National Digital LibraryAmerican Memory: Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and DiplomacyAvalon Project: Making of America: 19th c. books and magazinesMaking of America:

44. Finding Primary Sources on the Web II The Internet History Sourcebooks –The Internet History Sourcebooks are collections of public domain and copy- permitted historical texts. The Sourcebooks include an Ancient History Sourcebook, a Medieval Sourcebook, and a Modern History Sourcebook, as well as assorted other Sourcebooks on topics such as Women's history, Islamic history, and East Asian history.

45. Oklahoma History and Culture Chronicles of Oklahoma –The first 40 volumes of the Oklahoma Historical Society's journal, digitized by Oklahoma State University. Eastern Oklahoma County Regional History Center –This project of Rose State College was established to preserve the unique history of the communities of Eastern Oklahoma County, including Tinker Air Force Base, and to promote the understanding of the importance of the region to the State of Oklahoma, the southwestern region of states, and the United States. Collections include oral histories and historic photographs of Tinker Air Force Base.oral historiesphotographs Oklahoma Crossroads –Oklahoma Crossroads: Documents and Images consists of selected digital collections of the Oklahoma Department of Libraries spanning more than 100 years of rich, vibrant history. These collections include documents, photographs, newspapers, reports, pamphlets, posters, maps, and an author database ranging in date from the late 1800s to present. Western History Digital Collections –The Western History Collection is a special collection within the University of Oklahoma Libraries system. Its purpose is to enhance the University Libraries general collection on the history of the American West; to support the research and teaching programs of the University of Oklahoma; and to provide opportunities for research through the acquisition, preservation, and access of materials relating to the development of the Trans-Mississippi West and Native American cultures. OSU Library Electronic Publishing Center

46. Searching for Primary Sources KEYWORDS - Correspondence - Sources - Diaries - Interviews - “Literary collections” - “Personal narratives” - “Pictorial works” - Posters - Songs/Music - Speeches, addresses, etc. - Treaties Tell the Webpage what you seek: Specifically!

47. Google Scholar Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Search across many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations.

48. Google Scholar Works best for citations Restrictions to Content –Fee-based –Often your Library already owns material –We’re working on improving access

49. Wikipedia Wiki: A Web application that allows users to add content to a collaborative hypertext Web resource (coauthoring), as in an Internet forum, and permits others to edit that content (open editing).

50. Wikipedia Jimmy Wales January 15, 2001 No Original Research NPOV (Neutral point of view) No owners, multiple anonymous authors Anyone with Internet access can create or edit an entry…Anyone

51. Wikipedia Participation maps popular, not academic concerns It is a working community…but is it a good historical resource? Lack of Critical Analysis Problematic as a sole source of information Like all encyclopedias…ok to start, terrible place to stop. Benefits are to its active participants, not its readers. Anyone can edit a page…..Anyone

52. wikirage A site listing pages in Wikipedia which are receiving the most edits per unique editor over various periods of time. Wikipedia is a disruptive tertiary information source.

53. DEFINITIONS Sources that contain raw, original, non interpreted and unevaluated information. Sources that digest, analyze, evaluate and interpret the information contained within primary sources. They tend to be argumentative. Sources that compile, analyze, and digest secondary sources. They tend to be factual. TIMING OF PUBLICATION CYCLE Primary sources tend to come first in the publication cycle. Secondary sources tend to come second in the publication cycle. Tertiary sources tend to come last in the publication cycle. FORMATS--depends on the kind of analysis being conducted. Often newspapers, weekly and monthly-produced magazines; letters, diaries. Often scholarly periodicals and books. (Professors like these.) Often reference books. EXAMPLE: Historian (studying the Vietnam War) Newspaper articles, weekly news magazines, monthly magazines, diaries, correspondence, diplomatic records. Articles in scholarly journals analyzing the war, possibly footnoting primary documents; books analyzing the war. Historical Dictionary of Vietnam ; The Vietnam War, An Almanac PRIMARYSECONDARYTERTIARY

54. Open Web/Deep Web Archives and Manuscript CollectionsArchives and Manuscript Collections - [New Window] - This is a selective guide to finding archives and manuscript collections. It includes catalogs and finding aids at Columbia, as well as national catalogs and databases. It also includes a list of national archives and libraries, college and university collections, and historical society archives. Footnote - [New Window] - Search for original historical documents online. Gateway to Resources and Information on Preservation - GRIP - [New Window] - GRIP is a a fully searchable database of information on preservation of the documentary heritage. It contains selected and annotated references to literature on preservation-related topics, links to websites, projects, organizations and discussion groups. GRIP presents a core of accessible and recent materials selected by experts and provides an introduction to a great many aspects of preservation. The database can be searched by category, keywords (descriptors) and free search. Histor eSearch.com - [New Window] - History research resource links for high school and college students. History Buff - [New Window] - Provides a searchable library of historical information. History Guide - [New Window] - An Internet-based subject gateway to scholarly relevant information in history with a focus on Anglo-American history and the history of Central and Western Europe. Internet Modern History Sourcebook - [New Window] - Directory of modern history resources. Repositories of Primary Sources - [New Window] - A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources for the research scholar. All links have been tested for correctness and appropriateness. UNESCO Archives Portal - [New Window] - The UNESCO Archives Portal gives access to websites of archival institutions around the world. It is also a gateway to resources related to records and archives management and to international co-operation in this area. WTJ Portal - [New Window] - Directory of online military resources for researchers, hobbyists, military professionals and all others with an interest in military history, science and defense. The directory is composed entirely of sites relating to the active prosecution of warfare and military issues. WWW Virtual Library: Labour and Business History - [New Window] - Links to organizations, archives, libraries, museums, research institutions and resources around the world in the field of labour and business history.New Window FootnoteNew Window Gateway to Resources and Information on Preservation - GRIPNew Window Histor eSearch.comNew Window History BuffNew Window History GuideNew Window Internet Modern History SourcebookNew Window Repositories of Primary SourcesNew Window UNESCO Archives PortalNew Window WTJ PortalNew Window WWW Virtual Library: Labour and Business HistoryNew Window

55. LibGuidesLibGuides- Al Harris Library

56. KEY Elements for Your Paper Works Cited Page Divide into Primary/Secondary ! NO ENCYCLOPEDIAS ! 20% of your grade is based on critiquing your fellow classmates

57. KEY Elements for Your Paper Stress analysis: Do not simply parrot your sources i.e. “radical leaders” “Marxist Professors.” Who says they are radical? Marxist? Watch your assumptions. Do your own analysis.

58. KEY Elements for Your Paper And finally…… Professor Bromert hates “felt.” Example: President Kennedy felt he had no choice but to invade Cuba. How can anyone know what the President felt & who cares anyway.

59. Writing Your Paper Writing Center –Located in the basement of the library –Call for appointment #774-7083 Turabian Style –Style Sheets –Turabian Handbook at Reference & Circulation Desk

60. Questions? Contact me: Frederic Murray 774-7113 frederic.murray@swosu.edu http://faculty.swosu.edu/frederic.murray/

61. Exercise I: Research Puzzle Exercise II: Thesis Exercise III: Class - Keywords Exercise IV: Catalog/WorldCat Exercise V & VI: Periodical/Database Exercise VII: Scholarly Tutorial