1. PHP MySQL Introduction
What is MySQL?
MySQL is a database.
The data in MySQL is stored in database objects called tables.
A table is a collections of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.
Databases are useful when storing information categorically.
A company may have a database with the following tables: "Employees", "Products", "Customers" and "Orders".

2. Introduction
Before you actually start building your database scripts, you must have a database to place information into and read it from. In this section I will show you how to create a database in MySQL and prepare it for the data. I will also begin to show you how to create the contacts management database.

3. Database Construction
MySQL databases have a standard setup. They are made up of a database, in which is contained tables. Each of these tables is quite separate and can have different fields etc. even though it is part of one database. Each table contains records which are made up of fields.

4. Databases And Logins
The process of setting up a MySQL database varies from host to host, you will however end up with a database name, a user name and a password. This information will be required to log in to the database. If you have PHPMyAdmin (or a similar program) installed you can just go to it to log in with your user name and password. If not you must do all your database administration using PHP scripts.

5. Fields
There are a wide variety of fields and attributes available in MySQL and I will cover a few of these here:
These are just a few of the fields which are available. A search on the internet will provide lists of all the field types allowed.
Field Type
Description
TINYINT
Small Integer Number
SMALLINT
MEDIUMINT
Integer Number
INT
VARCHAR
Text (maximum 256 characters)
TEXT
Text

6. Creating A Table With PHP
To create a table in PHP is slightly more difficult than with MySQL. It takes the following format: CREATE TABLE tablename { Fields } The fields are defined as follows: fieldname type(length) extra info, The final field entered should not have a comma after it. I will give full an example of using these later in the section

7. Creating A Table
Before you can do anything with your database, you must create a table. A table is a section of the database for storing related information. In a table you will set up the different fields which will be used in that table. Because of this construction, nearly all of a site's database needs can be satisfied using just one database. Creating a table in PHPMyAdmin is simple, just type the name, select the number of fields and click the button. You will then be taken to a setup screen where you must create the fields for the database. If you are using a PHP script to create your database, the whole creation and setup will be done in one command.

8. The Contacts Database
The contacts database will contain all the conact information for the people you enter and the information will be able to be edited and viewed on the internet. The following fields will be used in the database:

9. The Contacts Database Name Type Length Description id INT 6
A unique identifier for each record
first
VARCHAR 15
The person's first name
last
The person's last name
phone 20
The person's phone number
mobile
The person's mobile number
fax
The person's fax number 30
The person's address
web
The person's web address

10. The Contacts Database
You may be wondering why I have used VARCHAR fields for the phone/fax numbers even though they are made up of digits. You could use INT fields but I prefer to use VARCHAR as it will allow dashes and spaces in the number, as well as textual numbers (like 1800-COMPANY) and as we will not be initiating phone calls from the web it is not a problem. There is one other thing you should be aware of in this database. The id field will also be set as PRIMARY, INDEX, UNIQUE and will be set to auto_increment (found under Extra in PH PMyAdmin). The reason for this is that this will be the field identifier (primary and index) and so must be unique. The auto increment setting means that whenever you add a record, as long as you don't specify an id, it will be given the next number. If you are using PHPMyAdmin or a management program you can now create this in a table called contacts.

11. Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders").
Tables contain records (rows) with data.
Below is an example of a table called "Persons":
LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn10 Joyland jhon lock Borgvn MoreTown Pettersen Kari Storgt GSU Landings

12. The table above contains three records (one for each person) and four columns (LastName, FirstName, Address, and City)
Queries
A query is a question or a request.
With MySQL, we can query a database for specific information and have a recordset returned.
Look at the following query:
SELECT LastName FROM Persons
The query above selects all the data in the "LastName" column from the "Persons" table, and will return a recordset like this:
LastName
Hansen
john
Blake

13. Download MySQL Database
If you don't have a PHP server with a MySQL Database, you can download MySQL for free here:

14. Creating The Table In PHP
The following code should be used to create this table in PHP. Some of the code has not been covered yet but I will explain it fully in the next part. <? $user="username"; $password="password"; $database="database"; or die( "Unable to select database"); $query="CREATE TABLE contacts (id int(6) NOT NULL auto_increment,first varchar(15) NOT NULL,last varchar(15) NOT NULL,phone varchar(20) NOT NULL,mobile varchar(20) NOT NULL,fax varchar(20) NOT NULL, varchar(30) NOT NULL,web varchar(30) NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (id),UNIQUE id (id),KEY id_2 (id))"; mysql_query($query); mysql_close(); ?> Enter your database, MySQL username and MySQL password in the appropriate positions on the first three lines above.

15. PHP MySQL Connect to a Database
Create a Connection to a MySQL Database
Before you can access data in a database, you must create a connection to the database.
In PHP, this is done with the mysql_connect() function.
Syntax
mysql_connect(servername,username,password); Parameter Description
Servername Optional. Specifies the server to connect to. Default value is "localhost:3306“
Username Optional. Specifies the username to log in with. Default value is the name of the user that owns the server process
passwordOptional. Specifies the password to log in with. Default is ""

16. Connecting To The Database
The first thing you must do before you can do any work at all is to connect to the MySQL database. This is an extremely important step as, if you are not connected, your commands to the database will fail. Good practice for using databases is to specify the username, password and database name first so that if you change any of them at a later date you will only have to change one line: $username="username"; $password="password"; $database="your_database";

17. connection
At this point you may be wondering if it is a security risk, keeping your password in the file. You don't need to worry, though, because the PHP scource code is processed aby the server before being sent to the browser so it is impossible for the user to see the script's source. Next, you will need to issue the command to start a database connection: mysql_connect(localhost,$username,$password); This line tells PHP to connect to the MySQL database server at 'localhost' (localhost means the server that the site is running one. Unless you web host tells you otherwise you should use localhost. If you are given a server address (such as sql.myserver.com you should replace localhost with "sql.myserver.com" (including the quotes)) using the username stored in $username and the password in $password. Before I show you how to work with the database, I will show you one more command: mysql_close();

18. Connection con’t
This is a very important command as it closes the connection to the database server. Your script will still run if you do not include this command but too many open MySQL connections can cause problems for a web host. It is good practice to always include this line once you have issued all your commands to the database, to keep the server running well.

19. Example
In the following example we store the connection in a variable ($con) for later use in the script. The "die" part will be executed if the connection fails:
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } // some code ?>

20. Closing a Connection
The connection will be closed automatically when the script ends. To close the connection before, use the mysql_close() function:
<?php $con =mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } // some code mysql_close($con

21. PHP MySQL Create Database and Tables
Create a Database
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database in MySQL.
Syntax
CREATE DATABASE database_name
To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection.

22. Example
The following example creates a database called "my_db":
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con))   {   echo "Database created";   } else   {   echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error();   } mysql_close($con); ?>

23. Create a Table
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in MySQL.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type, column_name2 data_type, column_name3 data_type, .... )
We must add the CREATE TABLE statement to the mysql_query() function to execute the command

24. Example
The following example creates a table named "Persons", with three columns. The column names will be "FirstName", "LastName" and "Age":
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } // Create database if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con))   {   echo "Database created";   } else   {   echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error();   } // Create table mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $sql = "CREATE TABLE Persons ( FirstName varchar(15), LastName varchar(15), Age int )"; // Execute query mysql_query($sql,$con); mysql_close($con); ?>

25. Important: A database must be selected before a table can be created
Important: A database must be selected before a table can be created. The database is selected with the mysql_select_db() function.
Note: When you create a database field of type varchar, you must specify the maximum length of the field, e.g.
varchar(15).
The data type specifies what type of data the column can hold. 

26. Primary Keys and Auto Increment Fields
Each table should have a primary key field.
A primary key is used to uniquely identify the rows in a table.
Each primary key value must be unique within the table. Furthermore, the primary key field cannot be null because the database engine requires a value to locate the record.
The following example sets the personID field as the primary key field. The primary key field is often an ID number, and is often used with the AUTO_INCREMENT setting.
AUTO_INCREMENT automatically increases the value of the field by 1 each time a new record is added. To ensure that the primary key field cannot be null, we must add the NOT NULL setting to the field.

27. Example
$sql = "CREATE TABLE Persons  ( personID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,  PRIMARY KEY(personID), FirstName varchar(15), LastName varchar(15), Age int )"; mysql_query($sql,$con);

28. PHP MySQL Insert Into Insert Data Into a Database Table
The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to a database table.
Syntax
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.
The first form doesn't specify the column names where the data will be inserted, only their values:
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

29. To get PHP to execute the statements above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection.
Example
In the previous chapter we created a table named "Persons", with three columns; "Firstname", "Lastname" and "Age".
We will use the same table in this example. The following example adds two new records to the "Persons" table:

30. php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (
?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); mysql_query("INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age) VALUES ('Peter', 'Griffin', '35')"); mysql_query("INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age)  VALUES ('Glenn', 'Quagmire', '33')"); mysql_close($con); ?>

31. Insert Data From a Form Into a Database
Now we will create an HTML form that can be used to add new records to the "Persons" table.
Here is the HTML form:
<html><body> <form action="insert.php" method="post"> Firstname: <input type="text" name="firstname" /> Lastname: <input type="text" name="lastname" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body></html

32. When a user clicks the submit button in the HTML form in the example above, the form data is sent to "insert.php".
The "insert.php" file connects to a database, and retrieves the values from the form with the PHP $_POST variables.
Then, the mysql_query() function executes the INSERT INTO statement, and a new record will be added to the "Persons" table.
Here is the "insert.php" page:

33. <. php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $sql="INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName, LastName, Age) VALUES ('$_POST[firstname]','$_POST[lastname]','$_POST[age]')"; if (!mysql_query($sql,$con))   {   die('Error: ' . mysql_error());   } echo "1 record added"; mysql_close($con) ?>

34. PHP MySQL Select Select Data From a Database Table
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection.

35. Example
The following example selects all the data stored in the "Persons" table (The * character selects all the data in the table):
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons"); while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))   {   echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];   echo "<br />";   } mysql_close($con); ?>

36. The example above stores the data returned by the mysql_query() function in the $result variable.
Next, we use the mysql_fetch_array() function to return the first row from the recordset as an array.
Each call to mysql_fetch_array() returns the next row in the recordset.
The while loop loops through all the records in the recordset.
To print the value of each row, we use the PHP $row variable ($row['FirstName'] and $row['LastName']).

37. The output of the code above will be:
Peter Griffin Glenn Quagmire

38. Display the Result in an HTML Table
The following example selects the same data as the example above, but will display the data in an HTML table:
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons"); echo "<table border='1'> <tr> <th>Firstname</th> <th>Lastname</th> </tr>"; while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))   {   echo "<tr>";   echo "<td>" . $row['FirstName'] . "</td>";   echo "<td>" . $row['LastName'] . "</td>";   echo "</tr>";   } echo "</table>"; mysql_close($con); ?>

39. The output of the code above will be:
Firstname
Lastname
Glenn
Quagmire
Peter
Griffin

40. PHP MySQL The Where Clause
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value
To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection.

41. example
The following example selects all rows from the "Persons" table where "FirstName='Peter':
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Peter'");
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))   {   echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];   echo "<br />";   } ?>

42. The output of the code above will be:
Peter Griffin

43. PHP MySQL Order By Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the data in a recordset.
The ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword sort the records in ascending order by default.
If you want to sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword.
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

44. Example
The following example selects all the data stored in the "Persons" table, and sorts the result by the "Age" column:
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Persons ORDER BY age"); while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))   {   echo $row['FirstName'];   echo " " . $row['LastName'];   echo " " . $row['Age'];   echo "<br />";   } mysql_close($con); ?>

45. The output of the code above will be:
Glenn Quagmire 33 Peter Griffin 35
Order by Two Columns
It is also possible to order by more than one column. When ordering by more than one column, the second column is only used if the values in the first column are equal:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column1, column2

46. PHP MySQL Update
The UPDATE statement is used to modify data in a table.
Update Data In a Database
The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.
Syntax
UPDATE table_name SET column1=value, column2=value2,... WHERE some_column=some_value
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!

47. To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection.
Example
Earlier in the tutorial we created a table named "Persons". Here is how it looks:
FirstName LastName Age
Peter Griffin
Glenn Quagmire

48. The following example updates some data in the "Persons" table:
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); mysql_query("UPDATE Persons SET Age = '36' WHERE FirstName = 'Peter' AND LastName = 'Griffin'"); mysql_close($con); ?>

49. After the update, the "Persons" table will look like this:
FirstName LastName Age
Peter Griffin
Glenn Quagmire

50. PHP MySQL Delete
The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
Delete Data In a Database
The DELETE FROM statement is used to delete records from a database table.
Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column = some_value
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!

51. To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection.
Example
Look at the following "Persons" table:
FirstName LastName Age
Peter Griffin
Glenn Quagmire
The following example deletes all the records in the "Persons" table where LastName='Griffin':

52. <. php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (
<?php $con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123"); if (!$con)   {   die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());   } mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); mysql_query("DELETE FROM Persons WHERE LastName='Griffin'"); mysql_close($con); ?>
After the deletion, the table will look like this:
FirstName LastName Age
Glenn Quagmire

53. PHP Database ODBC
ODBC is an Application Programming Interface (API) that allows you to connect to a data source (e.g. an MS Access database).
Create an ODBC Connection
With an ODBC connection, you can connect to any database, on any computer in your network, as long as an ODBC connection is available.
Here is how to create an ODBC connection to a MS Access Database: 
Open the Administrative Tools icon in your Control Panel.
Double-click on the Data Sources (ODBC) icon inside.
Choose the System DSN tab.
Click on Add in the System DSN tab.
Select the Microsoft Access Driver. Click Finish.
In the next screen, click Select to locate the database.
Give the database a Data Source Name (DSN).
Click OK.

54. Note that this configuration has to be done on the computer where your web site is located. If you are running Internet Information Server (IIS) on your own computer, the instructions above will work, but if your web site is located on a remote server, you have to have physical access to that server, or ask your web host to to set up a DSN for you to use.