2. Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

3. Introduction to JDBC JDBC is a simple API for connecting from Java applications to multiple databases. Lets you smoothly translate between the world of the database, and the world of the Java application. The idea of a universal database access API is not a new one. – For example, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) was developed to create a single standard for database access in the Windows environment. JDBC API aims to be as simple as possible while providing developers with maximum flexibility.

4. Understanding JDBC Drivers To connect to a database –, you first need a JDBC Driver. JDBC Driver: – set of classes that interface with a specific database engine. Java Application JDBC Driver Manager JDBC- ODBC Bridge Vendor Specific JDBC Driver Vendor Specific ODBC Driver Database Diagram Source: Marty Hall, Core Web Programming (Prentice Hall.)

5. JDBC Drivers JDBC drivers exist for every major database including: – Oracle, SQL Server, Sybase, and MySQL. We will use MSAccess Data base,Microsoft’s ODBC driver,Sun’s JDBC-ODBC bridge.

6. Java Program uses JDBC API ODBC Data Source JDBC-ODBC bridge converts these calls to ODBC Your tables in MSAcess } do manually } do in pgm

7. java.sql The package comprising the core JDBC API is called java.sql We use a simple MS Access database, which means that the inbuilt JDBC-ODBC bridge driver can be employed If you wish to experiment with other databases, place the appropriate JDBC driver within folder java\jre\lib\ext.

8. Creating an ODBC Data Source

9. 1.First, it is necessary to register the database as an ODBC Data Source. 2.Once this has been done, the database can be referred to by its Data Source Name (DSN).

10. steps to set up your own ODBC Data Source (only for ODBC databases!)

11. Simple Database Access

12. Using JDBC to access a database requires several steps

13. 1.Load the Database Driver class is used to hold methods that operate upon other classes in order to furnish details of their characteristics forName  method of class

14. Using JDBC to access a database requires several steps 2.Establish a Connection to the Database declare a Connection reference call static method getConnection of class DriverManager to return a Connection object Method getConnection takes three String arguments: 1.a URL-style address for the database; 2. a user name; 3. a password.

15. Using JDBC to access a database requires several steps 2.Establish a Connection to the Database Address format: jdbc: :  specifies a database connection service (i.e., a driver)  provides all the information needed by the service to locate the database

16. Using JDBC to access a database requires several steps 2.Establish a Connection to the Database Assuming that our Finances database is indeed local and that we did not set a user name or password for this database If this same database were remote

17. Using JDBC to access a database requires several steps 3.Create a Statement Object and Store its Reference Call createStatement () method of our Connection object Save the address of the object returned in a Statement reference.

18. Using JDBC to access a database requires several steps 4.Run a Query/Update and Accept the Result(s) Class Statement has methods to execute queries: 1. executeQuery ()  to retrieve data from a database 2. executeUpdate()  to change the contents of the database The former method returns a ResultSet object, latter returns an integer that indicates the number of database rows that have been affected by the updating operation.

19. Using JDBC to access a database requires several steps 4.Run a Query/Update and Accept the Result(s)

20. Using JDBC to access a database requires several steps 4.Run a Query/Update and Accept the Result(s)

21. Using JDBC to access a database requires several steps 5.Manipulate/Display/Check Result(s) The only method of ResultSet that we need to make use of at present is next, which moves the ResultSet cursor/pointer to the next row in the set of rows referred to by that object. We can retrieve data via either the field name or the field position using the appropriate getXXX () method

22. 5.Manipulate/Display/Check Result(s)

23. 6.Repeat Steps 4 and 5 as Required 7.Close the Connection

31. Modifying the Database Contents

32. Database Update Statements : INSERT DELETE UPDATE Update statements are submitted via the executeUpdate() method of statement interface Modifying the Database Contents

34. Example:

41. Transactions

42. one or more SQL statements that may be grouped together as a single processing entity We want either all the statements or none of them to be executed. Java provides the Connection interface methods 1. commit  used at the end of a transaction to commit/finalise the database changes 2. rollback  used to restore the database to the state it was in prior to the current transaction

43. Transactions By default, JDBC automatically commits each individual SQL statement that is applied to a database. In order to change this default behaviour so that transaction processing may be carried out, we must first execute Connection method setAutoCommit with an argument of false We can then use methods commit and rollback to effect transaction processing.

44. Transactions

45. Meta Data

46. 'data about data‘ Two categories of meta data available through the JDBC API: data about the rows and columns returned by a query (i.e., data about ResultSet objects); data about the database as a whole. The first of these is provided by interface ResultSetMetaData, an object of which is returned by the ResultSet method getMetaData

47. Meta Data data about the rows and columns is provided by interface ResultSetMetaData, an object of which is returned by the ResultSet method getMetaData Data about the database as a whole is provided by interface DatabaseMetaData, an object of which is returned by the Connection method getMetaData

48. Meta Data Information available from a ResultSetMetaData object includes the following: the number of fields/columns in a ResultSet object; the name of a specified field; the data type of a field; the maximum width of a field; the table to which a field belongs.

49. Meta Data SQL types is represented in class java.sql.Types INTEGER and VARCHAR are particularly commonplace, the latter of these corresponding to string values.

50. Meta Data The example coming up makes use of the following ResultSetMetaData methods, which return properties of the database fields held in a ResultSetMetaData object.

51. Meta Data

60. Scrollable ResultSets in JDBC 2

61. With the emergence of JDBC 2 in Java 2, however, a great deal more flexibility was made available to Java programmers by the introduction of the following ResultSet methods:

62. Scrollable ResultSets in JDBC 2 results.relative(-3); //Move back 3 rows. results.absolute(3); // Move to row 3 (from start of ResultSet). An overloaded form of the Connection method createStatement is used to create scrollable ResultSets. This method that takes two integer arguments.

63. Scrollable ResultSets in JDBC 2 There are three possible values that can take: TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE causes any changes made to the data rows to be reflected dynamically in the ResultSet object, while TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE does not.

64. Scrollable ResultSets in JDBC 2 can take two possible values the first means that we cannot make changes to the ResultSet rows, while the second will allow changes to be made

65. Scrollable ResultSets in JDBC 2

73. Modifying Databases via Java Methods

74. With of JDBC 2 we can modify ResultSet rows directly via Java methods Without having to send SQL statements the changes reflected in the database itself! To do this: 1.use the second version of createStatement 2.supply ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE as the second argument.

75. Modifying Databases via Java Methods The updateable ResultSet object does not have to be scrollable

76. Modifying Databases via Java Methods A set of updateXXX methods are used to update database. Each of these methods takes two arguments: a string specifying the name of the field to be updated; a value of the appropriate type that is to be assigned to the field

77. 1. Updating There are three steps involved in the process of updating:

78. 2. Insertion For an insertion, the new row is initially stored within a special buffer called the 'insertion row' and there are three steps involved in the process:

79. 2. Insertion

80. 3. Delete

81. Example :

88. Sample Output