1. Computers Are Your Future Tenth Edition Chapter 13: Systems Analysis & Design Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall1

2. 2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

3. What You Will Learn Explain what systems analysts do. Understand the concept of a system and its life cycle. Discuss why the systems development life cycle (SDLC) is so widely used. List the five phases of the SDLC. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall3

4. What You Will Learn Describe the classic mistakes of failed information systems development projects and how systems analysts can avoid them. Discuss the activities in each of the five phases of the SDLC. Name the deliverables of each of the five phases of the SDLC. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall4

5. Systems Analysis & Design Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall5

6. System Analysts: Communication Counts Systems analysis Involves information systems planning, development, and maintenance Performed in an organized manner System analysts determine the information system requirements of an organization based on input from users and management. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall6

7. System Analysts: Communication Counts Systems analysts must possess excellent communication and listening skills to help develop an effective information system. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall7

8. The Systems Development Life Cycle Development of information systems Used to be chaotic Often resulted in inadequate results Systems development life cycle (SDLC) Means to organize development Consists of five phases Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall8

9. The Systems Development Life Cycle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall9

10. The Systems Development Life Cycle Systems Made up of a grouping of parts that work together to achieve an objective Have life cycles that start with their creation, go through growth and changes, and end with obsolescence. Artificial system: Developed by people rather than by nature Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall10

11. The Systems Development Life Cycle The system development life cycle’s philosophy: You cannot proceed to the next phase before the previous one is completed. Each phase must provide a deliverable that often serves as the input for the next phase. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall11

12. The Systems Development Life Cycle Systems development wisdom: Involve users. Use a problem-solving methodology to provide effective results. Use strong project management skills. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall12

13. The Systems Development Life Cycle Systems development wisdom (continued): Document all important facts about a project. Use checkpoints to keep work on target. Anticipate future growth and change while designing the system. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall13

14. The Systems Development Life Cycle An accepted concept in the systems development life cycle is the waterfall model, which enables analysts to revisit a prior phase through corrective pathways when problems arise. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall14

15. Phase 1: Planning the System Phase 1 includes the following tasks: Recognizing the needs of the system Defining the problem Examining alternative solutions Developing a plan Determining feasibility Preparing the project proposal Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall15

16. Phase 1: Planning the System Recognition of the need for a new or modified system may come from acknowledging deficiencies. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall16

17. Phase 1: Planning the System Defining the problem cannot occur until it is understood Problem: the underlying cause of a symptom Symptom: the unacceptable result of a problem Once the problem is defined: Use requirements analysis to identify the system requirements based on user needs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall17

18. Phase 1: Planning the System After system requirements are defined: Evaluate potential solutions Create a project plan Cites the goals of the system Lists the steps or activities to successful completion of the project Specifies order of completion Estimates time frames Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall18

19. Phase 1: Planning the System Gantt chart Type of bar chart Used to provide a graphical summary of the milestone tasks and their due dates. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall19

20. Phase 1: Planning the System Feasibility studies Technical feasibility: Can be completed with existing technology Operational feasibility: Can be accomplished with the available resources Economic feasibility: Can be done with the available fiscal resources Often involves a cost-benefit analysis Seeks a return on investment (ROI) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall20

21. Phase 1: Planning the System Project proposal Phase 1 deliverable A written report Documents details of the system problem and its resolution Concludes with a recommendation. End of Phase 1 Basis for management decision to proceed Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall21

22. Phase 2: Analyzing & Documenting the Existing System Determine what the new system will do Two parts: Analyzing the current system Determining the requirements of the new system Deliverable: List of requirements for the new system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall22

23. Phase 3: Designing the System Determine how the new system information will work List and document specifications using Graphic tools Project dictionaries Data dictionaries Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall23

24. Phase 3: Designing the System Design tools used during this phase: Entity-relationship diagram (ERD) Data flow diagram (DFD) Rapid application development (RAD) Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall24

25. Phase 3: Designing the System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall25 Entity relationship diagram

26. Phase 3: Designing the System Rapid Application Development (RAD) Also known as prototyping Create small mock-up of system early in the process Provide enough functionality to get feedback from users Advantage: Users have something concrete to review Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall26

27. Phase 3: Designing the System Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) For complex systems Automates documenting entity relationships and data flow CASE tools include project management features, data dictionaries, documentation support, and graphical output support, and some generate prototype code Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall27

28. Phase 3: Designing the System Teams create support material: Project dictionary: defines terminology Data dictionary: identifies the data that will be entered into the system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall28

29. Phase 3: Designing the System Phase 3 deliverable: A logical diagram or design that shows how the new system will operate Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall29

30. Phase 4: Implementing the System Decide whether to create system or outsource development Additional tasks: Developing the software Application and acceptance testing User training System conversion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall30

31. Phase 4: Implementing the System Application testing involves assessing the programs separately and as a group. Acceptance testing is performed by the users and ensures that the system works properly. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall31

32. Phase 4: Implementing the System System conversion methods: Parallel conversion Pilot conversion Phased conversion Direct conversion (crash conversion) The deliverable in Phase 4 is the completed, tested system. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall32

33. Phase 5: Maintaining the System Review and maintain new system Must meet the needs of the users Must function properly Perform postimplementation system review Evaluates whether the goals of the system are met Serves as Phase 5 deliverable Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall33

34. Computers Are Your Future Tenth Edition Chapter 12: Databases & Information Systems Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall34

35. Databases & Information Systems Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall35

36. The Levels of Data in a Database A database is a group of data that can be entered, selected, sorted, grouped, reviewed, and produced as output. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall36

37. The Levels of Data in a Database Database units Bit The smallest unit of data stored by a computer Contains either a 1 or a 0 Character A letter, number, or symbol Made of bytes, which are groups of 8 bits Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall37

38. The Levels of Data in a Database Database terms Field Composed of one or more characters Identified by its field name Record Group of related fields Is contained in tables or data files Primary key or key field Unique identifier for each record Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall38

39. The Levels of Data in a Database Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall39

40. Types of Database Programs Two types of database programs, software used to create databases and use their data File management programs Manage only one table or file Known as a flat file Database management systems (DBMS) Manage multiple tables or files Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall40

41. Types of Database Programs File management systems are: Useful for personal or small business needs Used to develop an uncomplicated computerized system for information storage and retrieval Inexpensive and easy to use Unable to link to data stored in other files Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall41

42. Types of Database Programs Database management systems (DBMS) are: Able to access, store, and edit data Available in a variety of forms Not usually tied to one particular platform Able to present information in various formats Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall42

43. Types of Database Programs Database management systems (DBMS) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall43

44. Types of Database Programs Database management system classifications Based on how information is organized and retrieved Four main DBMS classifications Flat Hierarchical Network Relational database management system (RDBMS) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall44

45. Types of Database Programs Relational database management systems (RDBMS) Most widely used class of DBMS Link data found in several tables or files Compared with file management programs: More expensive Harder to learn Better in controlling data redundancy Better in preventing potential data errors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall45

46. Types of Database Programs Data warehouses Combine all the data of an organization into one large database Help executives make decisions Examine data through the drill-down method View performance data for whole company Search through individual department data Data marts are similar but support a department or division Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall46

47. Types of Database Programs Data mining Method used for data review and investigation Can be used to determine unknown data patterns Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall47

48. Types of Database Programs Client/server database systems Use database server software that reacts to the information requests of remote users Also use database client software to provide an interface with the user Use queries to request information from the database server Examples: ATMs and online banking Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall48

49. Types of Database Programs Web-database integration involves taking database information and making it accessible over the Internet. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall49

50. Advantages of Database Management Systems Characteristics of a good database: Data integrity Data independence Avoiding data redundancy Data security Data maintenance Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall50

51. Advantages of Database Management Systems Data within a database is considered to have data integrity if that data is considered valid. Data validation techniques are used as an attempt to prevent data integrity errors. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall51

52. Advantages of Database Management Systems Data independence Data that controls applications and data stored in the database are kept separate. Avoiding data redundancy Enter data only once. Multiple entry of the same data is a sign of an inadequately developed system. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall52

53. Advantages of Database Management Systems Data security: Prevents a database’s contents from being accessed by unauthorized users. Data maintenance: Required to permit the proper care and protection of data. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall53

54. Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness A skillfully created information system: Integrates data, computer hardware, software, procedures, and users Main functions include: Accepting data Converting data into information Storing data Distributing the information Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall54

55. Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness Methods for controlling information include: Only routing information to appropriate users Summarizing information Ensuring information selectivity Getting rid of needless information that wastes time and resources Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall55

56. Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness Each of the core functions of an organization is managed by the appropriate functional division (functional unit, functional area). Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall56

57. Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall57 Functional divisions of an organization: Accounting and finance Marketing and sales Human resources Management Manufacturing Information systems

58. Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey For retailers, computers and databases are no longer used solely for traditional applications. Point of sales (POS) cash registers are computers that integrate credit card authorization and inventory systems and are used as marketing devices. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall58

59. Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey Other systems that retailers use include: Check-screening systems, which determine if a check is written on a delinquent account Signature capture systems, which obtain digital customer signatures Photo checkout systems, which show the photo of a customer at the time a credit card is used Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall59