1. Hoofed Mammals Chapter 7

2. Peccary Family: Tayassuidae

3. Collared Peccary(Pecari tajacu ) Also called: Mexican Hog Behavior: Live up to groups of one to 20 individuals Diurnal- might be nocturnal(Active at night) or active primarily during twilight or dusk or dawn) Sleep at night in burrows often under the roots of trees If feel threated, they defend themselves with there long tusks which they sharpen themselves. Range: North, South and South America Live in Deserts, Scrublands, tropical, Subtropical, grasslands Notable population are known in suburbs of Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona.

4. Physical: 20-24 inches tall at the shoulder and about 1- 1.5 inches long(40-60 inches) Weight- 14-31 kg / 31-68 lb. They have a brown, black coat that is bristly Food: Fruit Roots Tuber(potatoes, onions) Palm nuts Grasses Small vertebrates Tulip bulbs Eggs Carrion

5. Reproductio n: Gestation Period: 141-151 days. Young per Birth: 1-5 Weaning: At 2-3 months. Sexual Maturity: females at 8-14 months, males at 11 months. Life span: 24 years

6. White-Lipped Peccary(Tayassu pecari) Behavior: Can give birth to two peccaries at a time Live in herds up to 20-300 individuals Predators- Jaguar, Puma, Boa Constrictors It performs all its actions at night When feel threated they will let off a loud “bark” and show there teeth to avoid conflict Range: Central and South America Dry Savannas, Humid Tropical Rain Forest

7. Physical: White marking below snout to the cheek Brown and Black- Bristly Hairs running down the spine growing longer than the sides and forming an crest which is raised when the peccary becomes excited. When standing up they get excited Adult weight: 25-40 kg Head- Dark Brown which makes the white marking around the jaw stand out Food: Fruit Nuts Vegetation Small Amounts of animal matters

8. Reproductio n: Gestation period: 156-162 days Litter size: 2, sometimes 1 or 3. Weaning: By 6 months. Sexual maturity: Between 1 and 2 years of age. Life span: Up to 13 years. Babies weight over 1kg when born Babies- Reddish Brown, with a dark stripe running down there backs Just before birth, the female leaves the group giving birth alone in a cave. After one day she then rejoins the group.

9. Range: Gran Chaco of Paraguay, Bolivia and Northern Argentina Behavior: Travel in herds up to 20 Communicate ranging from using there grunts to chattering the teeth Love to charge things and bit things Produce a milk, that is used for marking trees, shrubs, and similar objects Bath in the mud or dust Chacoan peccary(Catagonus wagneri)

10. Physical: Food: Well know for its rough leathery snout The bristle-like fur is generally brown to almost gray A dark stripe runs across the back, and white fur is on the shoulders. Longer ears, snout, tail Three Hind Toe Sprays secretions from their dorsal glands Young are generally born between the months of September and December, but litters have been found almost year-round Weight- 30-43 kg / 66-95 lb. Cacti Flowers Seeds Fruit Nuts Anything they can get there mouth on

11. Reproduction : Gestation Period: 5 months. Young per Birth: 1-4 Sexual Maturity: Minimum breeding age is thought to be 3 years. Most births occur between September and November.

12. Bison American Bison Family - Bovidae Genus - Bison

13. Physical Features Height 6 – 6.5 ft. at shoulder Length 10 – 12.5 ft. Weight 900 – 2000 lbs., males are just a smidge larger than females. Lifespan is about 18 – 22 years and in captivity they live to be about 30 years old. They have a long, shaggy, dark brown winter coat and during summer the buffaloes coat is not as heavy and lighter brown.

14. Range Bison once roamed across the great planes until they started to go extinct. Now they are mostly found in national and protected parks around the eastern United States.

15. This bison is what you would call a keystone species, meaning an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, the bison helped shape the Great Planes to what they look like today.

16. Fun Fact! Trails carved by animals like bison and deer in their seasonal migrations formed some of the earliest traceable paths into the American wilderness and were followed by native Americans, explorers and pioneers.

17. Food Bison eat grasses and sedges.

18. Behavior Bison mostly graze all day and play around and the females usually lead the herds. The males sort of break off of the group then rejoin during mating season. Mating season is between June and September and they have a gestation period of 270-285 days.

19. Genus: Antilocapra Species: Americana

20. Characteristics

21. ●Body shape of a deer, with long tail, and long snout. ●Fur is redish brown, but can also be tan or dark brown. ●White face on stomach face and butt. ●Short horns on top of head. ●4 ½ feet long, 3 feet tall. ● Weighs between 90-150 pounds

22. Unique Adaptations Pronghorns have large eyes that have really good vision. The vision allows them to spot predators from far away.

23. Diet Herbivore Grasses Forbs Sagebrush Seldom drink water Digests food twice.

24. Habitat Open plains, fields, grasslands, brush, desert, and basins

25. Range Only found in North America

26. Reproduction Mate during late summer or fall depending on location. Give birth in spring. 1-2 fawns per birth.

27. Pronghorn

28. Pronghorn Buck Modified horn made of keratin Outer sheath sheds annually and regenerates to a larger size Both males and females have modified horns

29. Pronghorn Doe and Fawns

30. Alarm Odor from Rump

31. Pronghorn migration in Wyoming

32. Pronghorn migration Pronghorn may travel over 100 miles to migrate between summer and winter range Winter range is typically lower elevation sage- steppe habitat Pronghorn move to summer range at higher elevations to locate green vegetation

33. Migration in Grand Tetons

35. Fence Crossing

37. Migration Video http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/bl ogwild/2009/09/pronghorn-passage.html http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/bl ogwild/2009/09/pronghorn-passage.html

38. Moose Family: Cervidae Genus: Alces Species: Alces Alces

39. Subspecies There are three main subspecies in the Northwestern portion of the United States. Yukon/Alaska Moose Canada Moose Shiras Moose

40. Yukon/Alaska Moose

41. Canada Moose

42. Shiras Moose

43. Eating Habits Eats many leafy shrubs. Consumes twigs and leaves. Will even eat aquatic plants.

44. Habitat Prefers Dense forest (taiga.) Also lives in open “forest-tundra.” Likes to be close to lakes or ponds. Can also live in other habitats.

45. Reproduction Reproduces yearly in Spring. 1-2 calves (possibly 3.) Will abandon previous calves right before next mating season.

46. Sources Runtz, Michael. "Moose Diet" Mooseworld. N.p., 22 Apr 2001. Web. 14 Feb 2013.. Runtz, Michael. “Moose Habitat" Mooseworld. N.p., 22 Apr 2001. Web. 14 Feb 2013.. Zegarelli, Clare. "Moose." Pocantico Hills. Pocantico Hills, 10 Dec 2011. Web. 14 Feb 2013..

47. Shiras Bull Moose

49. Alaska-Yukon Moose

50. Canada Moose

51. Cow Moose

52. Cow and Calf Moose

53. Winter Tick

55. Hair Loss Caused by Ticks

56. Isle Royale Moose

57. Winter Tick Life Cycle

58. Rocky Mountain, Roosevelt’s, Tule, Manitoban Elk - Cervus canadensis

59. Terminology Bull: Male Elk Cow: Female Elk Calf: Baby Elk Spike: Young Bull Elk

60. Size & Weight Newborn calf: about 35lbs Cow: around 500lbs (Tule: 300 & Roosevelt’s: 600lbs) about 4 ½ feet to the shoulders, 6 ½ from nose to tail. Bull: around 700lbs (Tule: 400lbs & Roosevelt’s: 900lbs) about 5 feet to the shoulders, 8 feet nose to tail.

61. Color Summer: copper brown Fall, winter, spring: light tan Rump patch: light beige Legs & neck: darker than rest of body

62. Birth Cycle Babies are born usually in late may through early june. Babies are born with spots and without a sent so predators cant smell them. First few weeks they hide while there mom feeds them. Breed in the fall

63. Diet Summer: grasses and forbs Spring & Fall: grasses Winter: grasses, shrubs, tree barks and twigs They have four chambered stomachs

64. facts A Bull will gather calves and cows in groups called harems. Bulls will roll in mud to coat themselves and urine to attract cows. They rub trees, shrubs, and the ground to also attract cows.

65. Range Before the European settlement there was 10 million elk that roamed the U.S. and today there is 1 million that roam - western United States, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, Canada, and Alaska.

66. Habitat Food, water, shelter and space are needed for elk to survive. They live in rainforests, alpine meadows, dry desert valleys, and hardwood forests.

67. Bugling Bull Elk

68. Cow Elk

69. Elk Calf

70. Elk Herd

71. Elk Rub

72. Elk Wallow

73. Elk Subspecies 1. Eastern –Extinct- once lived in eastern US 2. Merriam-Extinct-once lived in southwest US 3. Rocky Mountain- Rocky Mt. States 4. Roosevelt- West Coast- US- Cascade Mts. 5. Tule- Small population in CA 6. Manitoban- Saskatchewan/Manitoba Provinces in Canada

74. Rocky Mountain Elk (Idaho)

75. Roosevelt Elk (Coastal OR/WA)

76. Tule Elk (California)

77. Tule Elk Video http://www.nps.gov/pore/photosmultimedia/ multimedia_docvids.htm#CP_JUMP_285548 http://www.nps.gov/pore/photosmultimedia/ multimedia_docvids.htm#CP_JUMP_285548

78. Manitoban Elk (Canada)

79. Caribou

80. Family: Cervidae Genus: Rangifer Species: R. tarandus

81. Height: 4 ft. tall at the shoulder. Length: 6 ft. Weight: 250-700 pounds, males are larger then females. Lifespan: 10-15 years in wild. Caribou have compact bodies, small tails, and short ears. Body temperature is set at 105 degrees Farenheit. Caribou have two layers of fur, fine-crinkly under-fur and a thick coat of guard hairs on top. Description:

83. Caribou are a member of the deer family and are adapted to cope with harsh winter conditions. Their large concave hooves allow them to travel in deep snow conditions. Woodland Caribou is one of the most critically endangered mammals in the U.S., with only a few found south of the Canada border a year. Caribou are also excellent swimmers. Unique Adaptations:

85. Known to eat shrubs, grasses and willows. They also eat lichen but it takes about 80-150 years for it to grow in the forests. Food:

86. Very well known throughout Alaska and Northern Canada. There are about 950,000 in the world today. Barren Ground Caribou:

87. Been reduced to one tiny population in U.S., in far Northern Idaho and Northeastern Washington. There known as the International Selkirk population, they are extremely rare with only about 40 left in the world. Live in forests from Maine to Washington State, but have gone down to a small herd in the Selkirk Mountains of Northern Idaho, Eastern Washington, and British Columbia. Woodland Caribou:

89. Mating Season is from early to mid October. Gestation period is from October to early June. They only have 1 offspring at a time. Reproduction:

90. Woodland Caribou Bull

92. Woodland Caribou Cow

93. Barren-Ground Caribou Bull

95. Barren-Ground Caribou Cow

96. Caribou Videos http://www.defenders.org/wildlife_and_habit at/wildlife/woodland_caribou.php http://www.defenders.org/wildlife_and_habit at/wildlife/woodland_caribou.php http:// dsc.discovery.com/vide os/planet-earth-plains- following-the-caribou.html

97. Whitetail Deer Buck (Summer coat)

98. Single Beam with Tines

99. Whitetail Deer Doe (Winter coat)

100. Whitetail Fawn

101. White tail flag

102. Mule Deer Buck

103. Branching Antlers

104. White rump with black tipped tail

105. Mule Deer Doe

106. SHEEP

107. Female Sheep –Ewes Baby Sheep- Lambs Male sheep-Rams Groups of sheep- Flock

108. Anatomy Ruminants – 4 chambered stomach – They are very selective in grazing habits They have a split in their upper lip

109. Behavior Sheep Are precocial, gregarious animals – Precocial- High Degree of independence at birth – Gregarious- Flock together, to be in a group

110. Reproduction Sheep give birth once a year and have 1-3 lambs. Pregnancy last 147 days Sheep Usually live to be about 8 years old – Some can live up to 20 Lambs have a strong bond with their mothers. – They can identify her by her bleat.

111. Lambs 2 months – They grow 8 temporary incisors 12 months to 4 years – Incisors are replaced by larger and wider incisors – Eventually have all their teeth Sheep don’t have top front teeth

112. The sheep that we see originated from these wild sheep. Mouflon (Europe and Western Asia) Urial (Asia) Argali (Asia) Bighorn (Asia and North America) The common sheep in the U.S are: Rocky Mountain Bighorn Jacob Sheep

113. Different Types of Sheep Mouflon Urial Argali Bighorn

114. Rocky Mountain Bighorn Rocky Mountain bighorns inhabit the mountains from Canada south to New Mexico. Eat available grass, seeds, and plants Size: 5 to 6 ft (1.5 to 1.8 m) Weight:117 to 279 lbs (53 to 127 kg)

115. Geographical Range The Sheep Range lies in a generally north-south direction.

116. Jacob Sheep Description: A domestic sheep breed, Jacob sheep are known for their black- and-white spotted wool coats. Range: The Jacob sheep has been bred around the globe. The breed was originally developed in England. Habitat: Jacob sheep graze grasslands, fields and other pastures. Ewes: range from 80 to 140 pounds Rams: obtain weights approaching 200 pounds