1. Recursion and Binary Tree ICS 51 – Introductory Computer Organization

2. Recursion Recursion in computer programming is exemplified when a function is defined in terms of itself. Advantage of recursion: Simple to write and understand. Disadvantage: Amount of memory required is proportional to the depth of recursion

3. Problem 1 Implement the Factorial function using assembly. Given an unsigned integer number n,we define Factorial(n) as: ◦ Factorial(n)= 1, if n=0 or n=1 ◦ n * Factorial(n-1), if n>1

4. Binary tree and binary search tree A binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children. ◦ Typically the child nodes are called left and right. A binary search tree (BST) is a binary tree data structure which has the following properties: ◦ Each node has a value. ◦ The left subtree of a node contains only values less than the node's value. ◦ The right subtree of a node contains only values greater than or equal to the node's value.

5. An example

6. Searching Performed recursively because of the order in which values are stored. Begin by examining the root. If the value we are searching for equals the root, the value exists in the tree. If it is less than the root, then it must be in the left subtree, so we recursively search the left subtree in the same manner. Similarly, if it is greater than the root, then it must be in the right subtree, so we recursively search the right subtree. If we reach a leaf and have not found the value, then the item is not where it would be if it were present, so it does not lie in the tree at all.

7. Insertion Insertion begins as a search would begin If the root is not equal to the value, we search the left or right subtrees as before. Eventually, we will reach an external node and add the value as its right or left child, depending on the node's value. In other words, we examine the root and recursively insert the new node to the left subtree if the new value is less than to the root, or the right subtree if the new value is greater or equal than the root.

8. Example: Add 9 and 2 9 2

9. Tree Traversal Starting at the root of a binary tree, there are three main steps that can be performed with the order that they are performed defining the traversal type. ◦ performing an action on the current node (referred to as printing the node); ◦ repeating the process with the left subtree ◦ repeating the process with the right subtree

10. In order traversal To traverse a non-empty binary tree in inorder, perform the following operations: ◦ Traverse the left subtree in inorder ◦ Print the root of current subtree. ◦ Traverse the right subtree in inorder. inorder(node) if node.left ≠ null then inorder(node.left) print node.value if node.right ≠ null then inorder(node.right)

11. Example: In order In-order (LPR) traversal yields: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I Remember: - Left - Print - Right

12. Problem 2: Given an array of integers, build a binary search tree containing the elements of the array. You have to write a recursive function insertNode(struct tNode* root,struct tNode* newNode, unsigned long data), where root is the root of the binary search tree. After building the tree, you will do an inorder (left subtree-root-right subtree) traversal using the sortedTree(struct tNode* root, unsigned long a[ ], unsigned long *counter) function and you will store the elements of the tree in the a array. After doing this, the a array will contain the elements of the tree sorted in ascending order. Next, you have to implement the reversedTree(struct tNode* root, unsigned long a[ ], unsigned long *counter) function, which will place the elements of the tree into the a array, sorted in descending order (a right subtree-root-left subtree traversal)