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2. Manufacturer ( i.e. the producer) Wholesaler (dealer) Retailer (shopkeeper) Customer Cost Price – The cost incurred by the manufacture or the wholesaler or the retailer ( i.e. the person who pass on the goods to another)

3. Selling price – The price at which one person pass on the goods to another. Profit – The extra money a person receives by selling a product. Profit = Selling Price (SP) – Cost Price (CP) Loss – The less amount that a person receives by selling a product. Loss = CP - SP

4. Important Formulae: Profit Percentage = (Profit/CP) * 100 Loss Percentage = (Loss/CP) * 100 * Profit or loss is always calculated on the basis of cost price unless otherwise mentioned in the problem

5. Marked Price – The price written on the tag of a product. It may or may not be equal to the SP, depending upon the discount (available or not). Discount – The amount of money which is to be paid less on the marked price (MP). Marked Price = CP + Markup Selling Price = MP – Discount In general, CP<SP<MP at a profit CP=SP<MP at no profit no loss SP<CP<MP at a loss

6. Some Important Concepts: 1.) When two articles are sold at same price but one of them at a profit & another one at a loss & the percentage profit is the same as the percentage loss. In this case there is always a loss. Loss (%) = (Common gain or loss/ 10) 2

7. 2.) When a person recovers the cost price of ‘m’ articles by selling ‘n’ articles (n<m), then Profit (%) = (goods left/ goods sold) * 100 = ((m-n)/n)*100

8. CI/SI/ Instalments: Simple Interest : Fixed rate of interest on principal (initial amount). Principal: Initial amount invested /loaned/borrowed. Amount = Principal + Interest Compound Interest : It is the interest on interest calculated on each successive period.

9. Simple Interest (SI) = (P*R*T)/100 Where, P= Principal R= Rate of Interest (%) T= Time Period A = P + (P*R*T)/100 [ for SI only ]

10. Given (R%)Given (t) Required (R%) Required (t) R% annualT yearsr/2 (%) half- yearly 2t R% annualT yearsr/4 (%) quarterly4t R% annualT yearsr/12 (%) monthly12t Conversion of Time Period –Rate of Interest

11. Compound Interest (CI) = A- P Amount (A) = P(1+r/100) t Difference b/w CI & SI for two years: = P(r/100) 2 Difference b/w CI & SI for 3 years: = P(r/100) 2 (r/100 + 3)

12. Population Questions : P = P 0 ( 1 + r/100) n when population increases P 0 is the initial population P = P 0 ( 1 - r/100) n when population decreases

13. Installments: For SI A = [ x + (x + (x*r*1)/100) + (x + (x*r*2)/100) + ……………..] Where X = value of each installment

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