1. Carbon Nano-tubes: An Overview An Undergraduate Research Paper By Scott E. Wadley for the Department of Aerospace Engineering at The University of Kansas

2. Presentation Overview Definition History Properties Current Applications Manufacturing Techniques Future Applications References

3. Definition: Carbon Nanotubes Single-wall carbon nanotubes are a new form of carbon made by rolling up a single graphite sheet to a narrow but long tube closed at both sides by fullerene- like end caps.. However, their attraction lies not only in the beauty of their molecular structures: through intentional alteration of their physical and chemical properties fullerenes exhibit an extremely wide range of interesting and potentially useful properties.

4. Important History 1991 Discovery of multi-wall carbon nanotubes by S. Iijima 1992 Conductivity of carbon nanotubes J. W. Mintmire, B. I. Dunlap and C. T. White 1993 Structural rigidity of carbon nanotubes G. Overney, W. Zhong, and D. Tománek 1993 Synthesis of single-wall nanotubes by S Iijima and T Ichihashi 1995 Nanotubes as field emitters By A.G. Rinzler, J.H. Hafner, P. Nikolaev, L. Lou, S.G. Kim, D. Tománek, P. Nordlander, D.T. Colbert, and R.E. Smalley 1997 Hydrogen storage in nanotubes A C Dillon, K M Jones, T A Bekkendahl, C H Kiang, D S Bethune and M J Heben 1998 Synthesis of nanotube peapods B.W. Smith, M. Monthioux, and D.E. Luzzi 2000 Thermal conductivity of nanotubes Savas Berber, Young-Kyun Kwon, and David Tománek 2001 Integration of carbon nanotubes for logic circuits P.C. Collins, M.S. Arnold, and P. Avouris 2001 Intrinsic superconductivity of carbon nanotubes M. Kociak, A. Yu. Kasumov, S. Guéron, B. Reulet, I. I. Khodos, Yu. B. Gorbatov, V. T. Volkov, L. Vaccarini, and H. Bouchiat

5. Properties Metallic conductivity (e.g. the salts A 3 C 60 (A=alkali metals)) Superconductivity with T c 's of up to 33K (e.g. the salts A 3 C 60 (A=alkali metals)) Ferromagnetism (in (TDAE)C 60 - without the presence of d-electrons) Non-linear optical activity Polymerization to form a variety of 1-, 2-, and 3D polymer structures

6. Properties (2) The chart compares the tensile strength of SWNT's to some common high-strength materials. Nanotubes can be either electrically conductive or semiconductive, depending on their helicity. These one-dimensional fibers exhibit electrical conductivity as high as copper, thermal conductivity as high as diamond, Strength 100 times greater than steel at one sixth the weight, and high strain to failure. Current length limits are about one millimeter.

7. Current Applications Carbon Nano-tubes are extending our ability to fabricate devices such as: Molecular probes Pipes Wires Bearings Springs Gears Pumps

8. Manufacturing Techniques Evaporation of solid carbon in arc discharge, Laser ablation, Catalytic chemical vapor deposition of carbon containing gases Catalytic decomposition of fullerenes

9. Future Applications Molecular transistors. Field emitters. Building blocks for bottom-up electronics. Smaller, lighter weight components for next generation spacecraft. Enable large quantities of hydrogen to be stored in small low pressure tanks. Space elevator, Instead of blasting off for the heavens astronauts could reach the ISS as easily as they would a department store: “Next floor, LEO, watch your step please!”

10. Nanotube Fun! You can see animations of virtual nanotubes by following these links: http://www.photon.t.u- tokyo.ac.jp/~maruyama/ nanotube.htmlhttp://www.photon.t.u- tokyo.ac.jp/~maruyama/ nanotube.html Then select “Animation Gallery” Also http://www.pa.msu.edu/c mp/csc/simindex.html You can create your own virtual SWNT at: http://jcrystal.com/st effenweber/JAVA/jn ano/jnano.htmlhttp://jcrystal.com/st effenweber/JAVA/jn ano/jnano.html

11. References 1.http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/nanotube.htmlhttp://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/nanotube.html 2.Localized and Delocalized Electronic States in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes T. Pichler, M. Knupfer, M. S. Golden, J. Fink, A. Rinzler and R. E. Smalley Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4729 (1998) 3.http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/slup/CuttingEdge/May00/nanotubes. htmlhttp://www.sciencenet.org.uk/slup/CuttingEdge/May00/nanotubes. html 4.Dr. Sander Tans and Prof. Dr. Cees Dekker of the section Quantum Transport at TU Delft, 5.http://www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~maruyama/nanotube.htmlhttp://www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~maruyama/nanotube.html 6.http://jcrystal.com/steffenweber/JAVA/jnano/jnano.htmlhttp://jcrystal.com/steffenweber/JAVA/jnano/jnano.html 7. http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/nasa/ http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/nasa/ 8. http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/simindex.html http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/simindex.html 9. http://mmptdpublic.jsc.nasa.gov/jscnano/ http://mmptdpublic.jsc.nasa.gov/jscnano/