1. Nanotechnology Manfred Scriba Materials Sciences and Manufacturing 27 October 2006 mrscriba@csir.co.za

2. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Overview How small? Nanotechnology – definition Examples Approach to manufacture Tools Building blocks Applications International South Africa CSIR Activities

3. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Ant head 1mm Human hair 100um, 100 000nm Red blood cell 10um, 10 000nm DNA 4nm wide H 2 O Molecule 0.2nm How small?

4. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Nanotechnology “ Nanotechnology is concerned with materials and systems, whose structures and components exhibit novel and significantly improved physical, chemical and biological properties – and that enable the exploitation of novel phenomena and processes – due to their nanoscale size.” - National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA 2 examples

5. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za 1 mm 3 10 nm 3 in 1 mm 3 Dissolution time: 1 mm 3 - 34 million years 1 nm 3 - 1.1 seconds 1. Nanoparticles 1 : surface area

6. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Greatly IMPROVED: surface area (>800m 2 /gram) catalytic activity mechanical reinforcement magnetic properties (super-magnets) ductility and formability of ceramics luminescence of semiconductors waste reduction Nanoparticles 2

7. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Remarkable properties: Conduct better than Cu Behave like metals or semiconductor Heat transmission better than diamond Very strong (100x steel) 1/6 the weight 2. Carbon Nanotubes: Strength

8. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za

9. Assemble Nano-parts Chemical Synthesis Vapour Deposition Sol-gel Pyrolysis Manipulators SELF ASSEMBLY ‘Sculpt’ from Bulk Lithography Etching Ion beam milling Ball milling Bottom Up / Top Down Approach to manufacture

10. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Characterisation SEM, AFM, STM TEM, XRD Nano-tweezers Lasers Focused Ion Beam Clean Rooms Tools Synthesis Chemical vapour deposition Plasma Sol-gel Laser ablation Reactor Chemical lab

11. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Fullerenes/nanotubes Nanoparticles Nanofibres Nanocomposites Layers/Films Nano-Dots/Wires Nano–Biotech Building Blocks

12. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Nanocomposites

13. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Biomimetics

14. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za

15. INFORMATION

16. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Quantum Dots

17. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za 1 mm 3 Current: 1 Gigabyte Digital memory – capacity / cost Access – speed / ease Display – cost / size / flexibility

18. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za ENERGY

19. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za HEALTH 1

20. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Nanocapsules HEALTH 2

21. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za AUTOMOTIVE

22. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za COSMETIC

23. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Big R&D spending (2005) - Japan> $800m - W. Europe> $700m - USA > $800m - Other> $600m INTERNATIONAL

24. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za

25. FOCUS: Social Water Energy Health Industry Materials Minerals and Mining Chemical and Bio- processing Strategy 2006 - R420m (3years) - HRD - Equipment - Chairs - Flagship projects www.sani.org.za 200+ members (SA and International) South Africa

26. © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Nanoscienece Research Group - CNT - Nanoparticles - Nanocomposites - Drug encapsulation - Dye solar cells (TiO2 nanoparticle) - Fuel cell membranes CSIR activities

27. END