1. Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics 1 Nanotechnology 5 lectures for CLE Spring 2005 Dr Heidi Fearn Prof of Physics California State University Fullerton hfearn@fullerton.edu Phone (714) 278 2767 http://chaos.fullerton.edu/~heidi

2. 2Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Nanotechnology Lectures Summary Jan 24 th No Lecture. MIT Prof’s DVD and handouts. Jan 31 st Lecture 1: Feynman’s 1959 talk from a 2005 perspective. What nanotech we have now? Feb 7 th Lecture 2: What does the future hold & can we tell Science fact from fiction? ( pros and cons of our nanotech future.) Feb 14 th Lecture 3: Details on Micro-machines, motors and mechanical parts and nano-circuits. Feb 28 th Lecture 4: Details on man made cells and AI micro robotics from the biology perspective. Review and Conclusions.

3. 3Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Further Lectures: Prof. Katherine Kantardjieff Dept of Chemistry and bio-chemistry March 7 th and April 4 th Lectures. Hopefully, outside speakers for March 14 th, Hopefully, outside speakers for March 14 th, March 21 st and April 11 th, from UCLA. March 21 st and April 11 th, from UCLA. See UCLA page; http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/mainpage.html http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/mainpage.html

4. 4Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Lecture 1. Feynman’s 1959 Talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the bottom”. Updated for 2005 http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html AND what nanotechnology is available today? http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

5. 5Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics “What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale.” As soon as I mention this, people tell me… about electric motors that are the size of a finger nail, and that there is a device on the market which can write the Lord’s prayer on the head of a pin. “But that’s nothing; that’s most primitive” I want to discuss the staggeringly small world below. As soon as I mention this, people tell me… about electric motors that are the size of a finger nail, and that there is a device on the market which can write the Lord’s prayer on the head of a pin. “But that’s nothing; that’s most primitive” I want to discuss the staggeringly small world below.

6. 6Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Scale in Pictures. Powers of 10 pictures taken from http://www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.php http://www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.php

7. 7Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Scale in Pictures. Powers of 10 pictures taken from http://www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.php http://www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.php

8. 8Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics The scale of things: 1 nanometer (nm) is approx the width of 10 hydrogen atoms, 30 metal atoms or 1 sugar molecule. 1 nanometer (nm) is approx the width of 10 hydrogen atoms, 30 metal atoms or 1 sugar molecule. 1nm = 1/1000 width of typical bacterium 1nm = 1/1000 width of typical bacterium 1nm = millionth the size of a pinhead 1nm = millionth the size of a pinhead Why can’t I write the entire 24 vols of the Encylopedia Brittanica on a pin head? Why can’t I write the entire 24 vols of the Encylopedia Brittanica on a pin head?

9. 9Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics A pin head is 1/16 inch across 1 inch approx. 2.45cm (this is a rough estimate) Magnify the pin head 25,000 times Magnify the pin head 25,000 times area of pin head is then equal to the area of all the pages of the Encylopedia Britannica. area of pin head is then equal to the area of all the pages of the Encylopedia Britannica. All you have to do is reduce the size of the writing by 25,000 times- that’s all ! All you have to do is reduce the size of the writing by 25,000 times- that’s all ! Each dot on a page of the Encyclopedia has a diameter 1/120 inch roughly or 0.204mm. De-magnify 25,000 times gives us a diameter 8.2nm or about 30 atoms across in a typical metal (which they use for pins). So there’s plenty of room to write Britannica on a pin head. No problem!!

10. 10Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics “That’s the Encyclopedia Britannica on a pin head, but let’s consider all the books in the world.” Library of congress has approx 9 million vols. British museum has 5 million or so National Library in France has 5 million also There are many duplications so lets guess at 24 million vols. of interest in the world. (no pulp fiction please!) How much space would this take if I de-magnify by 25,000 times? It would take 1 million pin heads of course!! INSTEAD OF 24 VOLS. WE HAVE 24 MILLION VOLS. 1 million pinheads can be put together to form a flat square 1000x1000 pinheads about 3906 sq inches or 36 pages of 12x9inch paper. (36 pages is a small magazine- all the vols. in the world could be written on it) There’s room at the bottom indeed. But is there plenty?

11. 11Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Why write words when bits will do? In the section on “Information on a small scale” Feynman calculates the number of bits of information there are in all the vols. in the world (assuming they are all as big as a vol. of Encyclopedia Britt.) In the section on “Information on a small scale” Feynman calculates the number of bits of information there are in all the vols. in the world (assuming they are all as big as a vol. of Encyclopedia Britt.) Bits of information in total. 6 or 7 bits per letter. Bits of information in total. 6 or 7 bits per letter. Allow each bit 100 or 5x5x4 atoms. Using all the bulk volume of the material, not just the surface, then all information in all the vols. in the world can be stored in a cube of material 1/200 inch wide. This is the size of a small grain of dust. There’s PLENTY of room at the bottom!! Allow each bit 100 or 5x5x4 atoms. Using all the bulk volume of the material, not just the surface, then all information in all the vols. in the world can be stored in a cube of material 1/200 inch wide. This is the size of a small grain of dust. There’s PLENTY of room at the bottom!!

12. 12Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics IBM scientists have had some fun manipulating atoms and making pictures! Viewed with an STM. http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/atomo.html http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/atomo.html

13. 13Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Taken from Nanotechnology by Ratner and Ratner.

14. 14Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Foresight Foundation Offers $250,000 Feynman Grand Prize for major advances in molecular Nanotechnology. http://www.foresight.org/ Specifications of Prize: Design, construct and demonstrate the performance of a robotic arm that fits inside a cube 100 nm wide. Should be able to manipulate single atoms. Design and demonstrate the performance of a computing device that fits inside a cube no larger than 50nm in any diameter. Must be able to add two 8-bit binary numbers.

15. 15Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics How do we Write small ? “We have no standard technique to do this” Feynman guesses at some methods. that was then this is 2005! Scanning probe devices feel the surface! that was then this is 2005! Scanning probe devices feel the surface! The AFM -atomic force microscope- moves individual atoms around using the tip of a sharp needle and dip-pin lithography. STM can also move atoms around.

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18. 18Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

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20. 20Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics How do we Read small writing? Feynman “How could we read it today?” Paraphrasing: The electron microscope is not quite good enough, it has a maximum resolution of about 1 nm but we would like to see more clearly than that- it would be best to have 100 times better resolution than that. “The wavelength of electrons in such a microscope is about 5 pm (pm=10 to -12 power in meters) so it should be possible to see individual atoms.” this would aid biology and chemistry fields which could advance rapidly if they could only “see” the molecules and chains and how they attach to each other. In 2005, we have new improved devices, and we readily “see” individual atoms. STM scanning tunneling microscope.

21. 21Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Scanning tunneling microscope STM http://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/stm_schematic.htm http://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/stm_schematic.htm

22. 22Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Other methods of writing and reading small, and new physics. Photolithography using hard uv or x-rays (current microchip fabrication uses soft uv light) AFM (laser/cantilever and tip, dip-pen lithography) and STM (piezoelectric and tip kept a fixed distance away from sample- measure current, electron beam from tip) Soft lithography: create elastic stamp to transfer nano-size features onto surfaces. Molecular beam epitaxy: Spintronics - see circuits later Atom-by-atom manipulation (chemistry) And a partridge in a pair tree! Look ‘em up online folks. Good grief I’m not explaining everything!

23. 23Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Some Problems in biology and chemistry now answered! Feynman asked what are the most pressing problems in biology today 1959? Feynman asked what are the most pressing problems in biology today 1959? What are the base sequences in DNA? What happens when you have a mutation? How is the base order in the DNA connected to the order of the amino acids in the protein? What is the structure of the RNA; is it a single chain or double chain and how does it relate to DNA? How are the proteins synthesized? Where do the RNA go? Where do the proteins sit? The amino acids? In photosynthesis, where does the chlorophyll go? What is the system for converting light into energy in plants? What is the system for converting light into energy in plants?

24. 24Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics The human genome is now known. Atoms can be viewed and moved individually. http://www.doegenomes.org/

25. 25Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics It is easy to answer some of these questions. You just look at the thing! In 1959, the microscopes where a bit too crude- not any more. Can physicists do something about chemistry– namely explain synthesis? Is there a physical way to synthesize any chemical substance? Can physicists do something about chemistry– namely explain synthesis? Is there a physical way to synthesize any chemical substance? Not in 1959, but now 2005 progress is being made in this area.

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27. 27Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics A few nanometer milestones reached see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy” 1959 Feynman’s talk- prospects for miniaturization investigated 1968 Alfred Cho and John Arthur of Bell labs invent molecular –beam epitaxy, a technique to deposit single atomic layers on a surface 1981 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer create the STM which can image single atoms. Nobel prize. 1985 Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley discover buckyballs which are about 1 nm in diameter 1 nm in diameter

28. 28Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics …More milestones reached see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy” 1986 K. Eric Drexler publishes “Engines of Creation” a futuristic book about nanotech 1989 Donald Eiger of IBM writes letters “IBM” using single atoms 1991 Sumio Iijima of NEC Japan discovers carbon nanotubes. 1993 Warren Robinett of Univ N Carolina and R. Stanley Williams of UCLA devise a virtual reality system connected to an STM that lets users see and touch atoms 1998 Delft Univ of Technolgy in Netherlands creates a transistor from a carbon nanotube

29. 29Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics … and still more milestones see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy” 1999 James Tour, now at Rice U. and Mark Reed of Yale demonstrate that single molecules can act as switches. (snap a wire then put molecule between STM like tips) 2000 The Clinton administration announces NNI, the National Nantotechnology Initiative- large funding now available for projects in nanotech. 2000 Eigler and other devise a quantum mirage- placing a magnetic atom at the focus of an elliptical ring of atoms creates an mirage atom at the other focus- transmitting info without wires?

30. 30Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Magic of the ellipse http://ccins.camosun.bc.ca/~jbritton/jbconics.htm http://ccins.camosun.bc.ca/~jbritton/jbconics.htm

31. 31Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Quantum Mirage phenomenon. http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/rsc.quantummirage.html http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/rsc.quantummirage.html

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33. 33Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Rapid Bootstrapping Basic design by R. Merkle, artwork by K. E. Drexler

34. 34Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics The Nanofactory  Integrate large numbers of nanoscale chemical fabrication units  Combine nanoscale pieces into large-scale products  General-purpose manufacturing in a tabletop format  Extremely advanced products with compact functionality  Produce its own weight in hours; produce copies of itself

35. 35Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Exponential Doubling

36. 36Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Exponential Doubling

37. 37Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Gray -Goo scenario ? Artificial life, nanobots & Borg??

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39. 39Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Wait for the next presentation on Future prospects and the pros and cons of nanotechnology.

40. Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics 40 The End See you on Feb 7 th for Lecture 2: “What does the future hold?”