1. Nanotechnology Principles, Applications, and Careers
National Educators Workshop
November 3, 2013

2. What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is….
the control of matter on the atomic level
the ability to build using atoms as building blocks
the manufacture of novel materials with novel properties
What is a nanometer?
1 nm
= m
= m
= one billionth of a meter
What is a nanostructure?
Structure with at least one dimension < 100 nm
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3. 3 http://www.er.doe.gov/bes/scale_of_things.html
Source: Dept. of Energy

4. Why Study Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?
The study of fundamental principles of nanostructures
Between bulk and atomic properties
Nanotechnology:
The application of nano-structures into useful devices
© Northwestern University
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5. Who?
Government Academic Research Institutions National Laboratories Industry Non-Profits The public
Source: NNIN
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6. The Very Beginnings… 2000 years ago – Stained Glass
1100 – Damascus Steel swords
1500 – NPs in pottery
~1910 – particle sizes described in “nanometers”
1959 – Feynman’s speech
“The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom”
Armagh, Ireland, AD444
Romans (2000)
Year 444 – ireland stained glass
Arab swords – damascus steel – carbon nanotubes for strength
1500s Italians (Renaissance) used NPs for colors in pottery
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7. Then… 1970 – “Nanotechnology” coined (Taniguchi)
1981 – First atoms seen (Binnig and Rohrer, STM)
1986 – Engines of Creation, the Coming Age of Nanotechnology by Richard Drexler
“Nanotechnology is the principle of atom manipulation atom by atom, through control of the structure of matter at the molecular level. It entails the ability to build molecular systems with atom-by-atom precision, yielding a variety of nanomachines”
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8. Surfaces and Dimensional Space
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9. 0-Dimensional Structures
Source: Younan Xia, Washington University
Source: Seoul National University
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10. 1-Dimensional Structures
Source: Evans Group, University of Leeds
Source: Science Buzz, Science Museum of Minn.
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11. 2- Dimensional Structures
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12. Why “Nano” is Interesting
Particles are small
High surface-to-volume ratio
React differently
Act differently (new properties)
Interact with light differently
Are on the scale of small biological structures
Quantum Mechanics meet Classical Mechanics
Interesting “new” structures
Interesting materials with nanoparticles embedded
(mostly surface!)
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13. Surface Area and Energy
Surface atoms (%)
Surface energy increases
with surface area
Large surface energy = instability
Driven to grow to reduce surface energy
diameter (nm)
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C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000).

14. Physical Structure  Physical Property
What are the structural differences on the nanoscale?
High percentage surface atoms
Spatial confinement
Reduced imperfections
What properties are affected?
What properties can we tune?
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15. Melting Points
Lower melting point for nanostructures <100 nm Surface energy increases as size decreases
Particle diameter (nm)
Melting point (K)
Semiconductors, metals, inert gases, molecular crystals
Ichimose, N. et al. Superfine Particle Technology Springer-Verlag London, 1992.
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16. Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties improve as size decreases
High atomic perfection
Strength (kg/mm)
Copper:
6 nm grains have hardness 5x higher than 50 µm grains
Palladium:
5-10 nm grains have hardness 5x higher than 100 µm grains
However, one model: Hardness increases as particle size decreases up to a certain point (5 nm), then structure “softens”
d (µm)
Mechanical Strength of NaCl whiskers
Gyulai, Z. Z. Phys. 138, 317 (1954).
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17. Electrical Properties
Electron Scattering
Electrons move through a metal to conduct electricity
Electrons are scattered to cause resistivity
Decreasing size  fewer defects  less scattering
Surface Scattering
Electrons scatter against the surface of nanostructure
Widening of band gap
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18. Electrical Properties
Band gap increases as particle size decreases E
Metal Insulator Semi-conductor NP Semi-conductor
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19. Particles & Light Particles interact differently with light
Structures are smaller than wavelength of visible light
220X 1X
20,000X
5000X
Photonic Crystals
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Quantum Dot Fluorescence
Militaries Study Animals for Cutting-Edge Camouflage. James Owen in England for National Geographic News March 12, 2003, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (1999) 266,
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20. Optical Properties Surface Plasmon Resonance
“sea of electrons” excited
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21. Optical Properties: Quantum Dots
Band gap increases as particle size decreases E
Metal Insulator Semiconductor nm QD nm QD
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22. Size: Biological Structures
2 nm diameter
~5 nm thick
~10 nm diameter
Red blood cells:
DNA:
Lipid bilayer: 5 nm thick,
ATP synthase: 10 nm diameter, DOE
Flu virus:
5000 nm diameter
~50 – 100 nm diameter
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23. Unique Structures Carbon Nanotubes Buckyballs Zeolites 23
Source: Wikipedia
Carbon nanotube:
Buckyball:
Buckyball story?
Zeolites:
Zeolites
Source: Wikipedia
Source: The Chemical Educator
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24. Image References
Slide 3 The Scale of Things. [Online image]. 09 Aug < Slide 5 Silver and Gold Particles. [Online image]. 09 Aug < Slide 6 NNIN Sites. [Online image]. 09 Aug < Slide 10 Nanocages. [Online image]. 09 Aug < Nanoparticle Shape Modification. [Online image]. 09 Aug < Slide 11 Nanowires. [Online image]. Molecular & Nanoscale Physics Group. 09 Aug < Nanotubes. [Online image]. Science Museum of Minnesota. 09 Aug < Slide 14 C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000).
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25. Slide 16 Ichimose, N. et al. Superfine Particle Technology Springer-Verlag London, Slide 17 Gyulai, Z. Z. Phys. 138, 317 (1954). Slide 20 Militaries Study Animals for Cutting-Edge Camouflage. James Owen in England for National Geographic News March 12, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (1999) 266, (Penn State NACK Educational Resources, 2009). Slide 21 Silver and Gold Particles. [Online image]. 09 Aug < Slide 23 Red blood cells. [Online image]. 09 Aug < DNA double helix. [Online image]. 09 Aug < Lipid bilayer. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
Image References
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number   Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 25

26. Applications of Nanotechnology

27. Materials Nano-coated fibers Guitar strings Sunscreen
Left half of the face has nano-sunscreen – no color, better uv absorption ZnO is most common
Guitar strings:
Sunscreen:
Lotus effect:
little nano-sized molecular hooks attach to the fabric of the garment and the hair-like structures repel the water like the lotus leaf. But because these are nano-sized they don’t make the fabric stiff, so keeping the softness of whatever is coated.
Sock:
Source: nano&me
Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies'
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Nano-coated fibers
Water & stain resistant
Antibacterial
Guitar strings
Feels like non-coated
Coated to improve strength
Sunscreen
Better UV protection
Water resistant
Transparent!
Source: Nano & Me
Source: Project on Emerging
Nanotechnologies
Source: Elixir Strings 27
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Source: Nano & Me

28. Sporting Goods Lighter and stronger Carbon composites
2828
Tennis raquet: (Yonex® NanoSpeed® RQ Tennis Racquets)
Wilson tennis racquet – SiO2 NPs
Baseball:
Bat picture:
Sporting Goods
Lighter and stronger
Carbon composites
SiO2 nanoparticles
Easton’s Stealth CNT baseball bats: “According to Easton, Zyvex’s NanoSolve® Material “strengthens composite structures to provide improved handle designs with optimized flex, responsiveness, and more ‘kick’...”
Source: Easton Sports
Source: Project on Emerging
Nanotechnologies
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29. Electronics Computing Hardware Organic LED Displays Energy Storage
Ipod:
OLED – printable with inkjet onto any surface – including flexible surfaces - thinner
OLEDs enable a greater range of colors, brightness, and viewing angle than LCDs
Better blacks and energy efficiency, .01ms response time (vs 8-12ms for lcd)
Disadvantage is the lifespan.
Used in small screens for cell phones, cameras, head mounted displays
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Computing Hardware
Processors – 22 nm
Flash memory – 19 nm
Organic LED Displays
Lighter and thinner
More energy efficient
Cheaper to manufacture
Energy Storage
Solar Cells
Source: Intel
Source: Apple
Source: PC World
Source: Sony Japan
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30. Vertical axis is number of transistors on a chip. – update?
Moore’s Law
3030
the number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately every two years 30
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Source: Wikipedia

31. Miniaturizing Electronics
Co-founder of Intel
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Billions of transistors on a chip!
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Source: Nature

32. Solar cells inorganic organic Silicon- Single crystal
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Solar cells
inorganic
(Source: Sun Power)
(Source: Solarmrshal)
(Source: PNNL)
Silicon- Single crystal
Silicon- poly-crystalline
Thin-film
Source: Reinforced Plastics
organic
(Source: UNSW)
(Source: Konarka)
Dye-sensitized
Bulk heterojunction
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33. Solar cells TiO2 in dye sensitized solar cells meso-porous TiO2 film
3333
TiO2 in dye sensitized solar cells
meso-porous TiO2 film
Source: Reinforced Plastics
(Source: Aldrich)
(Source: Cao Group UW)
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34. Medicine Targeted and traceable drug delivery Enhanced imaging
3434
Excess sugar displaces a dye molecule in the lens, making it change color; also UW/Microsoft
and
Medicine
Targeted and traceable drug delivery
Enhanced imaging
Sensitive detection
Source: Gao Research Group, UW
Source: Hu Research Group, Univ. of Akron
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35. Lab on a Chip Combining all lab functions in one device 35
No need for specialized lab, trained professionals, less time, less sample needed, etc.
Source: Nature Video
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36. Feb The Piranha USV is designed to perform a wide variety of missions like anti-piracy, search and rescue, submarine hunting, and harbor patrol.“
Transportation
3636
“Zyvex Performance Materials has unveiled the Piranha unmanned surface vessel, a lightweight composite boat built using ZPM's Arovex™ nanotube-reinforced carbon fibre prepreg.”
Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
Mercedes Benz m-class – 2005
Scratch-resistant, “improved sheen” paint
Source: Reinforced Plastics
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37. Food SiO2 or TiO2 coatings Fat Clusters acts as fat, but lowers amount
3737
Mayo – natural emulsioin – suspended nanoparticles
Mars already has US patent for these coatings (on twix, skittles, m&ms)
Tongue: detects traces of pathogens; nanoclay – keep carbonation, keeps oxygen (spoils) out
Info from NYTimes; Cientific company - article from 2006
Food
SiO2 or TiO2 coatings
Undetectable by taste, smell
Increase shelf life
Fat Clusters
acts as fat, but lowers amount
Packaging:
“Electronic tongue” (Kraft, Uconn, Rutgers)
Plastic bottles embedded with nanoclay (keeps gases in or out)
Source: Wikipedia
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38. 3838
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Source: Nanowerk 38

39. Image References 3939 39 Slide 2
Number of Nano Patents. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
Slide 3
Lotus Effect. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
NanoSilver Socks. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
Nano Web Strings. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
Sunscreen. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
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40. Image References 40 Slide 4
Stealth CNT baseball bat. [Online image]. 09 Aug < stealth-cnt-youth-baseball-bat-12.html>.
Nanospeed tennis racquet. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
Slide 5
iphone. [Online image]. 23 July <
Intel Core i3. [Online image]. 23 July < core-i3-core-i5-and.html>.
Flat screen LED Display. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
Organic LED Display. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
Slide 6
Moore’s Law. [Online image]. 23 July <
Slide 7
Ferain, Isabelle, Cynthia A Colinge, and Jean-Pierre Colinge. "Multigate Transistors as the Future of Classical Metal- Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors." Nature 479 (Nov. 2011): Nature. Web. 8 July <
Image References
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41. Image References 41 Slide 8
single crystal Si PV. [Online image]. 23 July <
poly-crystalline Si PV. [Online image]. 23 July <
Thin film PV. [Online image]. 23 July
< according-to-a-new-report-by-global-industry-analysts-inc/>.
DSSC. [Online image]. 23 July < backing/>.
Konarka Power Plastic. [Online image]. 23 July < issues/konarka-silicon-solar-power-cells-power-plastic/>. 
Slide 9
TiO2. [Online image]. 23 July <
ZnO. [Online image]. 23 July < matters/synthesis-of-zno-aggregates.html>.
Slide 10
Quantum dot mouse. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
Image References
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42. Image References 42 Slide 10 (continued)
Bates, Claire. "Colour-changing Contact Lenses Could Replace Painful Skin Prick Tests for Diabetics." Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd., 24 May Web. 8 July < article / Colour-changing-contact-lenses-replace-painful-skin-prick-tests-diabetics.html>.
Slide 11
Dolgin, Elie, and Eric R Olson. Miniature Lab Can Diagnose Disease in the Field. Nature Video. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Aug Web. 8 July <
 Slide 12
Piranha Unmanned Surface Vessel. [Online image.] 09 Aug <
Mercedes Benz. [Online image.] 09 Aug <
Slide 13
M&Ms. [Online image]. 09 Aug <  
Slide 14
Nanotechnology in Food. [Online image]. 09 Aug <
Image References 42
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number   Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.