1. Active and Passive Transport,
Chemistry and Life
4/21/2017
Chemistry of Life (157 – 163)
6.3
Cell Processes
Active and Passive Transport,
Osmosis, Diffusion, Exocytosis, and Endocytosis
pp. 155 – 156;
6.2, 8.1
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

2. Objective 2.0: Core concept: Vocabulary Vocabulary
Cell membranes are selectively permeable. This gives them the ability to maintain cell homeostasis by regulating what enters and leaves the cell. The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the relative concentrations of free water molecules in the cytoplasm and in the fluid outside the cell. Different kinds of cells have evolved different ways of dealing with hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. The cells of plants have rigid cell walls that keep the cells from expanding too much. Animal cells can avoid swelling by moving dissolved particles from the cytoplasm.
Most cell functions involve chemical reactions. Food molecules taken into cells react to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. There are four main biochemicals: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids. Cells use carbohydrates to provide energy. Cells use proteins for cellular construction and repair, cellular chemical activities, and as a back-up energy source if carbohydrates are not available. Both breakdown and synthesis are made possible by a large set of protein catalysts, called enzymes. Cells use lipids for cell membrane construction. Cells use nucleic acids to store genetic information for protein synthesis.
Chemistry and Life
4/21/2017
Objective 2.0: 
Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, and endocytosis
Identifying functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in cellular activities
Comparing the reaction of plant and animal cells in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions
Explaining how surface area, cell size, temperature, light, and pH affect cellular activities
Applying the concept of fluid pressure to biological systems
Examples: blood pressure, turgor pressure, bends, strokes
Core concept:
Most cell functions involve chemical reactions. Food molecules taken into cells react to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. There are four main biochemicals: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids. Cells use carbohydrates to provide energy. Cells use proteins for cellular construction and repair, cellular chemical activities, and as a back-up energy source if carbohydrates are not available. Both breakdown and synthesis are made possible by a large set of protein catalysts, called enzymes. Cells use lipids for cell membrane construction. Cells use nucleic acids to store genetic information for protein synthesis.
Vocabulary
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipids
Proteins
Enzyme
Vocabulary
Passive transport
Active transport
Endocytosis
Isotonic
Exocytosis
Diffusion
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Homeostasis
Osmosis
Core concep: Cell membranes are selectively permeable. This gives them the ability to maintain cell homeostasis by regulating what enters and leaves the cell. The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the relative concentrations of free water molecules in the cytoplasm and in the fluid outside the cell. Different kinds of cells have evolved different ways of dealing with hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. The cells of plants have rigid cell walls that keep the cells from expanding too much. Animal cells can avoid swelling by moving dissolved particles from the cytoplasm.
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

3. Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Chemistry and Life
4/21/2017
Core Concept:
Small cells function more efficiently than large cells. Small cells can exchange substances more readily than large cells because small objects have a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio than larger objects. Most cells function best within a narrow range of light, temperature and pH. At very low temperatures, reaction rates are too slow. Extremes of light, temperature and pH can irreversibly change the structure of most protein molecules. Vocabulary: pH, surface area, volume
Turgor pressure is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells, determined by the water content. Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. High blood pressure can cause stroke.
Breathing gas under pressure can present a myriad of possible medical problems. One of these is decompression sickness or "the bends," caused by breathing nitrogen or other gases under pressure, which are not metabolized by the body.
Vocabulary
Bends
Stroke
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

4. Life’s Levels of Organization
Chemistry and Life
4/21/2017
Simple to Complex
Life’s Levels of Organization
Our journey begins here, atoms like Hydrogen (H)
and Oxygen (O)
Atoms come together to make up molecules like water, H2O.
Molecules make up organelles.
A group of organelles make up cells.
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

5. CO2 + H2O C6 H12 O6 + 02 4. Chemical Reactions REACTANTS PRODUCT(S)
Sun
CO H2O C6 H12 O
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

6. Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Acids and Bases
5. Acids are substances that forms in water and release hydrogen ions (H+). 6. Bases are substances that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-). 7. pH measures how acidic or basic a solution is
Hickox: Baker High School Biology

7. Hickox: Baker High School Biology
pH Scale
7. A pH scale is used to indicate how acid and basic of a solution.
8. Ranges from 0-14
7 = Neutral
>7 = Base
<7 = Acid
Hickox: Baker High School Biology

8. Hickox: Baker High School Biology

9. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
pH Matters
A strong acid is pH of 2
pH is a measure of proton (hydrogen ion or H+) concentration .
Low pH = lots of H+s, high pH = few H+s.
In biology, keeping H+ levels within a narrow range is critically important.
A strong base is pH of 12
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

10. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
VIDEO FROM FILE
Diffusion
9. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion continues until there is no concentration gradient!
What affects the speed of Diffusion?
10. concentration: main factor, higher the more
11. temperature: if temp. increase greater diffusion
12. pressure: increasing pressure increases diffusion
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

11. no concentration gradient!
Dynamic equilibrium
no concentration gradient!
Dynamic equilibrium

12. Hickox: Baker High School
Osmosis
Hickox: Baker High School

13. Hickox: Baker High School
Osmosis
13. Isotonic Solution - Solute and Solvent (water) concentrations both inside and outside the membrane are equal.
14. Hypotonic Solution - Solution with a lower concentration of solute than the solution on the other side of the membrane.
Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell.
Lysis
Hickox: Baker High School

14. Hickox: Baker High School
Osmosis
15. Hypertonic Solution - Solution with a higher concentration of solute than the solution on the other side of the membrane.
Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink.
Plasmolysis
Hickox: Baker High School

15. Summary Section 2 – pages 152-156
The results of diffusion
(write into notes)
When a cell is in dynamic equilibrium with its environment, materials move into and out of the cell at equal rates. As a result, there is no net change in concentration inside or outside the cell.
Material moving out of cell equals material moving into cell
Summary Section 2 – pages

16. 16. What type of osmosis is this
16. What type of osmosis is this? (Isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic) Does cell shrink, expand, or stay the same?
isotonic
Stays the
same

17. 17. What type of osmosis is this
17. What type of osmosis is this? (Isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic) Does cell shrink, expand, or stay the same?
hypotonic
expands

18. 18. What type of osmosis is this
18. What type of osmosis is this? (Isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic) Does cell shrink, expand, or stay the same?
hypertonic
shrinks

19. Diffusion in Living Systems: the way cells move substances in and out of the cell
Osmosis is the diffusion of particles through a semi- permeable membrane.
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic

20. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
Review Quiz:
OSMOSIS
4/21/2017
VIDEO FROM FILE
20. ___________ is the diffusion of particles through a semi- permeable membrane.
21. __________________: movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis. The cell uses NO energy to move these particles
22. ________________: the transport of materials against the gradient and this takes energy
23, _________________: the pushing out of water in a plant cell against the cell wall
24. __________________: shrinking of cell due to water moving out (dissolved solution outside cell high)
25._____________: swelling of a cell due to water moving in
26. ____________: concentrations inside and outside cell is balanced.
Osmosis
Passive transport
Active transport
Turgor pressure
hypertonic
hypotonic
Isotonic
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

21. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
Biomolecule: Structures vary
Three views of glucose, a common simple sugar.
RINGS
amino acids
BUNCHED CHAINS
lipids
LONG CHAINS
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

22. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
Molecules of Life
How do you build a cell?
Start with water, add lots of small carbon-containing molecules and …….
Use these four major classes of biological molecules:
Carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid.
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

23. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
27. Carbohydrates are used for energy and to create structures.
28. The building blocks for carbohydrates are
simple sugars.
Three views of glucose, a common simple sugar.
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

24. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
30. Lipids are large and are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen and small amounts of oxygen.
Fat
Lipids are used by cells for energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings, such as in membranes.
Phospholipid
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

25. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
Phospholipids Form Double-Layered Biological Membranes
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

26. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
Protein p. 66
32. Proteins are the key elements of life.
33. Proteins provide structure for tissue and organs and
carry out cell metabolism. Provide the body with the ability to move muscles. They are needed to transport oxygen in the bloodstream.
34. Enzymes, a type of protein that change the speed of chemicals reactions in the body.
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

27. 34a. An enzyme (p. 66) is a protein that enables other molecules to undergo chemical changes to form new products. Enzymes increase the speed of reactions that would otherwise proceed too slowly.
Substrate
Active site
Section 3 Check

28. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
Strands of the Protein Keratin Create Hair
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

29. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
Nucleotides are Chains of Linked Amino Acids
DNA and RNA
35. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids!
36. There are two kinds of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. Both are involved in the storage and flow of information from gene to gene product.
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

30. Water, pH, and Biological Molecules
4/21/2017
39. Nucleotides Are the Monomers That Create Polymers of DNA and RNA
The small subunits that make up nucleic acids are nucleotides.
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

31. Hickox: Baker High School Biology
Chemistry and Life
DNA
4/21/2017
Hickox: Baker High School Biology
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

32. RNA
Mader: Biology 8th Ed.