1. NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN BELARUS Peter A. VITIAZ National Academy of Sciences of Belarus

2. CONTENTS 1.Introduction 2. Mechanical alloying 3. Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) 4. Fine films, nanowires & nanopowders 5. Fullerenes & Carbon nanotubes 6. Nanodiamonds – Production & Applications 7. Nanoobjects diagnostics 8. Conclusion …the one who gets control over nanotechnology first is gonna to be the leader in the technoshere of the future… Edward Teller

3. R&D of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in Belarus Diagnostics PROCESSING PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES MATERIALS Diagnostics OBJECTS Nanopowders Nanowires Fullerens Nanotubes Thin Films Nano & mesastructures Others Mech. alloying Detonation synthesis Chem. precipitation & pyrolysis Plasma synthesis Sol-gel synthesis Gas transport reactions Others Standard P/M methods High pressures & temperatures Equal channel angular press. Impulse compaction SPS Plasma & flame spraying Others Refractory Superhard Structural Electrotechnical Magnetic Optoelectronic Special

4. Scheme of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) 1st press 2nd press route A 2nd press route C Microstructures of low carbon steel after ECA - Pressing

5. MaterialStructure Hardness HV σ 0.2, MPa σ b, MPa δ, % Ψ, % Fe 99.88 % n ano polycryst. 300 90 850 200 980 350 6 21 55 7 Cu 99.98 % nano polycryst. 155 55 400 100 480 240 11 19 67 87 Stainless steel 18-8 nano polycryst. 640 200 1370 210 1550 560 27 70 41 69 Elinvar Ni-44 nano polycryst. 360 120 1540 760 1560 930 10 15 30 44 Mechanical properties of metals & alloys after ECA–pressing

6. Atomic Force Microscope «NANOTOP-203» Morphology of diamond-like thin films 500 nm

7. AFM image of organic dye nanocrystals (50-70 nm) in polymer matrix Scheme of transformations 100 nm The dependence of gas sensor response (a) and photoconductivity (b) 0 50 100 150 0204060 CuPc concentration, % mas. S 25255075100 10 20 30 0 0 CuPc concentration, % mas. As deposited Annealed

8. Principle of localization of particles input into arc plasma without powder with powder PRL Reactor Localisation of particles input into plasma arc pile localizer powder Comparative Data for SPR and PRL reactors 5000-100003000-5000Temperature, K 252Productivity, kg / hour 6.5270 Energy consumption, kJ / kg 301200 Nitrogen flow rate, l / min 45150Consumed power, kW PRLSPRParameters

9. PLASMOTEG ENGINEERING CENTER Equipment & Technology for Diamond Like Coating (DLC) DLC for thermoprinting heads Biocompatible DCL for artificial heard valves DLC for measuring gauges Pulse Plasma Source Consumed power 30 Kwt Discharge voltage 200…400 V Discharge time 200…300 µs Pulse frequency 0.5…12 Hz Cathode diameter 30 mm Cathode length 20…30 mm Deposit rate / pulse 850 nm / s Deposite rate at 10 Hz 2.5 µ / h Weight 15 kg Dimentions 200х300х400 mm Exworks price 25 000 USD PULSE PLASMA SOURCE

10. AUTOMATIC COMPLEX FOR FULLERENES SYNTHESIS & SEPARATION Assembly for fullerenes synthesis Raw materials preparation Diagnostics Software for tech- nology monitoring Assembly for extracting & separating Packing assembly Productivity, g/shift: 15-45 of fullerenes + 100-430 of carbon clusters (10-100 nm); Fullerenes purity > 99.0% ; C 60 / C 80 ratio ~ 10 /1 ; Consumed power 7-15 KW; Weight 450 kg ; Flow space 20 m 2 ; Ex-works price, USD 120 000 - 220 000 (depends on productivity & complectation) PRINCIPAL PARAMETERS

12. Carbon nanotubes produced by HVDAP technique

13. CONDITIONING SURFACE MODIFICATION DESIGN & TOOLING OF BLAST CHAMBER CONDITIONS OF COOLING & EXTRACTIONS PROPERTIES OPTIMIZATION CHEMICAL PURIFICATION CONTINIOUS PROCESS WITH OXIDANT REGENERATION TESTING & ANALYSIS HYGIENIC SERTIFICATION ENGINEERING SUPPORT DATA BANK CONTROL, TESTING STANDARTIZATION SERTIFICATION FUNCTIONAL SCHEME OF THE AUTOMATIC COMPLEX OF JSC «SINTA» FOR DETONATION SYNTHESIS OF NANODIAMONDS DETONATION SYNTHESIS PARTICLES SPECIAL COATING

14. Parameters UnitsValue Diamond phase content% mass. 40-99 Common carbon content% mass. 65-95 Ash content % mass. 0.1-10 Adsorbtion capacitymg-ecv/g 0.1-3.5 Electrokinetic potential mV Thermostability (air) K 423-1573 Electric resistance Ω / cm 10 2 -10 14 PROPERTIES OF NANODIAMOND POWDERS from -100 to + 100

15. NANODIAMONDS APPLICATION Cr, Ni, Cu, Cu, Au, Ag galvanic coatings Solid and liquid antifrictional lubricants Plastics modification Additives to motor oils Superfinish treatment of superconductor and optical parts

16. AUTOMATIC COMPLEX «COMPOSIT» FOR PRODUCING ELECTROLYTIC COMPOSITE COATINGS WITH NANODIAMONDS

17. MICROHARDNESS OF Ag COATINGS AT DIRECT CURRENT (x 10 5 N/m 2 ) Микротвердость Ag покрытий, полученных при постоянном токе PROPERTIES OF Ag COATINGS PRODUCED AT DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

18. NANODIAMONDS AT BELARUS POWER STATIONS 2 3 1.Antifriction Grey Iron - Brass Composit 2.Slide bearings of steam superheater 3.Combined flat bearing Ø 800 mm for hot air recuperator 1

19. Bushing of electric pump Metallic – plastic anticorrosion gas-flame coatings with 0.5 % mass. of nanodiamonds Plastics modifications with nanodiamonds

20. 1,2 – microstrucures of Al-6Si-2Cu alloy after coating without (left) and with nanodiamonds (right) 3 – motorbike parts with microarc oxidizing and nanodiamonds x 150 MICROARC OXIDIZED COATINGS WITH NANODIAMONDS 1 2 3

21. 1 2 3 Polycrystallic diamonds from nanodiamonds 1,2 – polycrystallic powders produced by thermo-vacuum treatment; 3 – spalling of polycrystallic compact produced by shock- -wave consolidation.

22. …the only way to infiuence a technology is the another technology… Stanislaw Lem CONCLUSION 1.Scientists of Belarus make certain input into nanomaterials investigation and processing. Good results have been achieved in nanodiamonds and their application in machinery. 2. Our main task is a consolidation of means and efforts for development of nanomaterials and nanosystems vital for key branches of Belarus economy – machinery, radio-electronics and petro-chemistry. 3. International cooperation is very important in any aspects of implementation of these XXI century materials: science, technology, diagnostics, sertification, etc.