1. The New Science of Life Chapter 24 Great Idea:
Our new understanding of genetic mechanisms is leading to enormous technological advances in medicine and other aspects of our lives.

2. Chapter Outline The Technology of Genes
Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine
The New Face of Medicine
Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA

3. The Technology of Genes

4. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering Technique Examples GMO
Foreign genes inserted
Existing genes altered
Technique
Restriction enzymes cut DNA
Another DNA strand binds
New gene is expressed
Examples
Insulin
Agriculture
GMO
DOA
FDA
EPA
Bioterrorism

6. DNA Fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting Process VNTR STR
Analysis of DNA in human tissue
Uses
identify criminals
identify victims
Process
Analyze DNA sections for repeats
Compare to individual of interest
VNTR
STR

7. Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine

8. Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine
Gene Control
Genes on or off
Produce only copies
Early development
Pluripotent
Develop into any cell in body
Development
Blastocyst
Outer cells: placenta
Inner cells: embryonic stem cells
Gastrula
Not pluripotent
Differentiation
Adulthood
Somatic or adult stem cells
Stem Cell Line
Reproduce without differentiation

9. The New Face of Medicine

10. Computer-Assisted Drug Design
Medicine
One or more molecules
Bond to specific molecules
Change cellular chemistry
Research
Previous
Search in nature
Current
Use molecular techniques
Design drugs from scratch
CADD
Example
Protease inhibitors

11. Cancer-A Different Kind of Genetic Disease
Normal Cell
guardianship
Cancer
Cells reproduce without restraint
Due to genetic defect
Usually 5-6 damaged genes
Collection of diseases
Genetic defects
Increase cancer probability
Lifetime risk >80%
Cure
Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
Gene therapy

12. Gene Therapy Gene therapy Example Problems Therapeutic viruses
Replace defective gene with healthy gene
In vivo
In vitro
Example
SCID
Problems
Genes inserted randomly
No proteins made
Therapeutic viruses

13. DNA Repair in the Cell Damage Repair mechanisms Outside cell
Human developed
Nature
Inside cell
Repair mechanisms
Point defect
Enzymes remove section
Mismatch
Remove length of DNA
Reconstruct section

14. Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA

15. Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA
Independent DNA (mtDNA)
Single loop
37 genes
Non-coding section
1000 base pairs
Use to study human evolution
All mitochondria from mother

16. A diagram of the HIV virus
A diagram of the HIV virus. The reverse transcriptase is the enzyme that initiates reverse transcription in the virus.

17. AIDS caused by the HIV virus.
The virus has RNA that enters cells with the virus
Enzymes initiate REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION that makes DNA
The viral DNA enters healthy DNA and make more viral DNA that assembles into new viruses.
We now understand a huge amount about how the HIV virus works.