1. IAS 32/39 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation Recognition and Measurement UP-DATE

2. Agenda Scope and definitions IAS 32 IAS 39
Liability and equity
Offsetting a financial asset and financial liability
IAS 39
Classification of financial instruments
Measurement of financial assets and liabilities
Derivatives and embedded derivatives
Recognition and derecognition
Hedging and hedge accounting
IAS 32 – Disclosure requirements

3. Scope and Definitions

4. x Scope Exclusion: IAS 32 IAS 39
Interests in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures in consolidated accounts (IAS 27, 28 and 31) x
Rights and obligations under leases (IAS 17) except for derecognition and embedded derivatives
Employers’ assets and liabilities under employee benefit plans (IAS 19)
Rights and obligations under insurance contracts (IFRS 4)
Instruments issued by the reporting enterprise that meet the definition of equity (IAS 32)
Certain loans commitments and financial guarantee contracts (IAS 37 and 18)
Contracts for contingent consideration in a business combination for the acquirer (IAS 22/IFRS 3)
Contracts that require payment based on climatic, geological or other physical variables (IFRS 4) .

5. Definition : What is a Financial Instrument?
A contract that gives rise to:
Financial Asset
in one enterprise
and
FINANSAL ENSTRÜMANLARIN TANIMI
TARAFLARDAN BİRİNDE FINANSAL BIR AKTIF
KARSI TARAFTA ISE FINANSAL BIR YÜKÜMLÜLÜK OLUSUR
ÖRNEK A BANKASI B BANKASINA PLASMAN YAPARSA
A DA FINANSAL AKTIF OLAN PLASMAN
B DE ISE FINANSAL YÜKÜMLÜLÜK OLAN BANKALAR MEVDUATI OLUSUR
VEYA A BANKASI X SIRKETINE KREDI VERIRSE A BANKASINDA FINANSAL AKTIF OLAN KREDI, X SIRKETINDE ISE FINANSAL YÜKÜMLÜLÜK OLAN BANKA KREDISI OLUSUR
Financial Liability or
Equity Instrument
in another enterprise

6. Types of Financial Instruments
Primary
Deposits of cash
Bonds, loans, borrowings
Receivables / payables (including finance leases)
Equity instruments
Derivatives
Forwards / futures
Financial options
Swaps
Caps and collars
Financial guarantees
Letters of credit
Combinations
Convertible debt
Exchangeable debt
Dual currency bond
CAPS AND COLLARS
CONVERTIBLE DEBT - SERMAYEYE DÖNÜSEBILEN TAHVILLER
EXCHANGEABLE DEBT -
DUAL CURRENCY BOND -

7. IAS 32 - Presentation

8. IAS 32 – Presentation Liability and equity
Offsetting a financial asset and a financial liability

9. IAS 32 – Liability and Equity
Classify the instrument, or its component parts, on initial recognition as a financial liability, a financial asset or an equity instrument in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement and the definitions of a financial liability, a financial asset and an equity instrument.
If a financial instrument contains both a liability and an equity element, the instrument’s component parts should be classified separately.
Debt Securities with an embedded conversion option, such as a convertible bond, should be separated into the liability component and the equity component on the balance sheet.

10. IAS 32 – Liability and Equity
Contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset.
Mandatory redeemable preference shares.
A “puttable instrument” by the holder.
Liability if the obligation is conditional.
Conditional upon approval by regulatory authority.
Conditional upon the counter-party exercising its right to redeem.

11. IAS 32 – Liability and Equity
Settlement in the entity’s own equity instrument.
Not an equity instrument solely because settlement is through delivery or receipt of the entity’s own equity.
Liability if the contractual obligation is a fixed amount so that the value of the equity instrument equals the amount of contractual obligation.
Settlement options
When a derivative financial instrument gives one party a choice over how it is settled (eg. the issuer or the holder can choose settlement net in cash or by exchanging shares for cash), it is a financial asset or a financial liability unless all settlement alternatives would result in it being an equity instrument.

12. IAS 32 – Liability and Equity
Contingent settlement provision
Liability if the obligation to deliver cash or another financial instrument arises only on the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain future events that are beyond the control of both the issuer and holder, unless
The contingent event is restricted only in the event of liquidation of the issuer; or
The contingent event that trigger the obligation is considered to be not genuine.

13. IAS 32 – Liability and Equity
Treasury Shares
Acquisition of own equity instruments (treasury shares) should be deducted from equity. No gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of an entity’s own equity instruments.
However, an obligation to purchase own equity instruments for cash or another financial asset gives rise to a financial liability for the present value of the redemption amount.

14. IAS 32 – Liability and Equity
Compound Instrument
An financial instrument that contains both liability and equity components should be classified and presented separately.
Example: A bond that is convertible, either mandatory or at the option of the holder into equity shares of the issuer.
Method of separating the liability and equity component
The liability component is fair valued first, and this provides the initial carrying amount of the liability component.
The fair value of the liability component is then deducted from the fair value of the instrument with the residual amount representing the equity component.
Transaction costs are usually allocated to the liability and equity components based on proportion of fair value.

15. IAS 32 – Liability and Equity
Interest, Dividends, Losses and Gains
Interest, dividends, losses and gains relating to a financial instrument or a component that is a financial liability shall be recognised as income or expense in profit and loss.
Distributions to holders of an equity instrument shall be debited by the entity directly to equity.

16. IAS 32 – Offsetting of a financial asset and a financial liability
A financial asset and a financial liability shall be offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet when, and only when, an entity:
Currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts; and
Intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

17. IAS 39 Classification of Financial Assets and Liabilities

18. Classification of Financial Assets
At fair value thru P&L
( NEW )
Held-to-maturity
Loans and receivables
Available-for-sale
Held for trading
Designated upon initial recognition

19. Financial Assets : Designated upon initial recognition
Any financial asset or financial liability within the scope of this Standard may be designated when initially recognised as a financial asset or financial liability at fair value thru P&L;
except for:
investments in equity instruments that do not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured.
Note: There is a limit to the types of financial assets and financial liabilities to which this option may be applied.

20. Financial Assets : Held-to-Maturity
Assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity:
which the enterprise has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity
other than
loans and receivables; and
those that the entity upon initial recognition designates as at fair value through profit & loss or those that the entity designates as available for sale.

21. Financial Assets : Held-to-Maturity (Continued)
An enterprise should not classify any financial assets as held-to-maturity if it (IAS 39R.9):
sold, transferred or exercised put options on more than an insignificant amount of held-to-maturity investments before maturity during the current year or two preceding years (TAINTING)
OTHER THAN
sales close enough to maturity or the exercised call date so that interest rate changes did not have significant effect on fair value;
sales after the enterprise has already collected substantially all of the financial asset’s original principal; or
sales due to an isolated event that is beyond the enterprise’s control, is non-recurring and could not have been reasonably anticipated.

22. Classification of Financial Liabilities
At fair value thru P&L
That arise when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for de-recognition or is accounted for using the continuing involvement approach
REPOS &/OR SALE OF ASSETS W RECOURSE
Others
Held for trading
Designated upon initial recognition*
* Precluded from reclassifying into or out of this category

23. Financial Liabilities : At fair value thru P&L
Comprises
a) Financial liabilities held for trading:
derivative liabilities that are not hedging instruments
the obligation to deliver securities borrowed by a short seller (an enterprise that sells securities that it does not yet own)
Financial liabilities that are incurred with an intention to repurchase them in the near term ( NEW )
Financial liabilities that are part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking
b) Designated as “fair value thru P/L” upon initial recognition
The fact that a liability is used to fund trading activities does not make that liability one held for trading

24. IAS 39 Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities

25. Initial Measurement at fair value
Financial asset or financial liability
is initially recognised
at fair value
Financial assets/ liabilities at fair value thru P&L
Held-to-maturity financial asset/ liabilities
Initial Measurement of financial assets and liabilities
When a financial asset or financial liability is recognized initially, an enterprise should measure it at its cost, which is the fair value of the consideration given (in the case of an asset) or received (in the case of a liability) for it. Transaction costs are included in the initial measurement of all financial assets and liabilities.
The fair value of the consideration given or received normally is determinable by reference to the transaction price or other market prices. İf such market prices are not reliably determinable, the fair value of the consideration is estimated as the some of all future cash payments or receipts, discounted, if the effect of doing so would be material, using the prevailing market rates of interests for a similar instruments (similar as to currency, term, type of interest rate, and other factors) of an insurer with a similar credit rating.
plus transaction costs
Loans and receivables
Transaction costs:
on purchase are included
that may be incurred on disposal are excluded
Are directly attributable to the acquisition/ issue of the financial asset/ liability
( NEW )
Available for sale financial assets

26. Initial Measurement On initial recognition:
financial assets and financial liabilities should be measured at fair value, PLUS
in the case of financial assets / liabilities not at fair value thru P&L, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability.( NEW )
Initial Measurement of financial assets and liabilities
When a financial asset or financial liability is recognized initially, an enterprise should measure it at its cost, which is the fair value of the consideration given (in the case of an asset) or received (in the case of a liability) for it. Transaction costs are included in the initial measurement of all financial assets and liabilities.
The fair value of the consideration given or received normally is determinable by reference to the transaction price or other market prices. İf such market prices are not reliably determinable, the fair value of the consideration is estimated as the some of all future cash payments or receipts, discounted, if the effect of doing so would be material, using the prevailing market rates of interests for a similar instruments (similar as to currency, term, type of interest rate, and other factors) of an insurer with a similar credit rating.

27. Initial Measurement
The fair value of a financial instrument on initial recognition is normally the transaction price.
However, if part of the consideration given or received is for something other than the financial instrument, the fair value is estimated using a valuation technique.

28. Initial Measurement
The fair value of a long-term loan that carried no interest can be estimated as the PV of all future cash receipts discounted using the prevailing market rate of interest for a similar instrument (similar as to currency, term, type of interest rate and other factors) with a similar credit rating. ( APPLICABLE TO DEBT RESTRUCTURING OR COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS )
The fair value of a financial liability with a demand feature (e.g. a demand deposit) is not less than the amount payable on demand, discounted from the first date that the amount could be required to be paid.

29. Subsequent Measurement : Financial Assets
are subsequently recognised
at amortised cost
Loans and receivables
Held-to-maturity investments
at fair value
Initial Measurement of financial assets and liabilities
When a financial asset or financial liability is recognized initially, an enterprise should measure it at its cost, which is the fair value of the consideration given (in the case of an asset) or received (in the case of a liability) for it. Transaction costs are included in the initial measurement of all financial assets and liabilities.
The fair value of the consideration given or received normally is determinable by reference to the transaction price or other market prices. İf such market prices are not reliably determinable, the fair value of the consideration is estimated as the some of all future cash payments or receipts, discounted, if the effect of doing so would be material, using the prevailing market rates of interests for a similar instruments (similar as to currency, term, type of interest rate, and other factors) of an insurer with a similar credit rating.
Available-for- sale securities
At fair value thru P&L
at cost
Unquoted equity instruments and related derivatives

30. Subsequent Measurement : Loans and Receivables
2. Loans and Receivables : Cost or Amortised Cost
Created by the enterprise by providing money, goods, or services directly to a debtor, other than those intended for sale in the short term
Examples: receivables from sales of goods, originated mortgage loans, credit card loans, government or corporate securities acquired at origination
Gain/loss from amortization is recognised in net profit/loss
Loans and receivables originated by an enterprise and not held for trading are measured at amortised cost without regard to the enterprise’s intent to hold them to maturity.

31. Subsequent Measurement : Fair Value thru Profit and Loss
3. Fair value thru profit and loss : Fair Value
Acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of generating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price or dealer’s margin; OR
Part of a portfolio with a recent pattern of short-term profit-taking;
Designated upon initial recognition.
Examples: trading portfolio of marketable securities, all derivatives unless qualifying as a hedge
Gain/loss from fair value changes is recognised in net profit/loss
Loans and receivables originated by an enterprise and not held for trading are measured at amortised cost without regard to the enterprise’s intent to hold them to maturity.

32. Subsequent Measurement : Available-for-Sale
4. Available-for-Sale : Fair value
Financial assets which are designated as available for sale or not in one of the other three categories.
Example: equities not held for trading, including strategic investments; debt securities with no positive intent/ability to hold to maturity
Gain/loss from fair value changes is recognised directly in equity until sold, collected, disposed, at which time include in profit or loss.
( NEW )
Interest calculated using effective interest rate method is recognised in the P&L.
Loans and receivables originated by an enterprise and not held for trading are measured at amortised cost without regard to the enterprise’s intent to hold them to maturity.

33. Subsequent Measurement: Exception from Fair Value Requirement
Presumption:
Fair value can be reliably determined for most financial assets classified as available for sale or held for trading.
But:
Presumption can be overcome for:
investment in equity instrument that does not have a quoted market price in an active market and for which other methods of estimating fair value are clearly inappropriate/unworkable
Loans and receivables originated by an enterprise and not held for trading are measured at amortised cost without regard to the enterprise’s intent to hold them to maturity.

34. Subsequent Measurement : Impairment
PW:
Subsequent Measurement : Impairment
At each balance sheet date, the enterprise should assess whether there is any objective evidence of impairment (eg. financial difficulty of issuer, breach of contract, historical pattern of non-collectibility etc).
If any evidence exists, the enterprise should provide for any impairment to recoverable amount for debt instruments (ie. the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the financial instrument’s original effective interest rate) or to their estimated fair values (for equity instruments).

35. Subsequent Measurement : Impairment
Assess existence of any objective evidence of impairment:
significant financial difficulty of issuer
actual breach of contract such as failure to make interest/principal payments
high probability of bankruptcy
disappearance of active market for financial asset
historical pattern indicating entire face value of portfolio will not be collected
Discount expected future cash flows at original effective interest rate to determine recoverable amount.
Write down to recoverable amount through net profit/loss.
Impairment loss for financial assets carried at cost (unquoted equity) should not be reversed. ( NEW )
Impairment loss for available for sale equity instrument cannot be reversed thru P&L, any subsequent increase in fair value is recognized in equity.( NEW )
Loans and receivables originated by an enterprise and not held for trading are measured at amortised cost without regard to the enterprise’s intent to hold them to maturity.

36. Subsequent Measurement: Financial Liabilities
are subsequently recognized
All derivative liabilities except those linked to unquoted equity instrument
at fair value
at amortized cost
Transfers that do not qualify for de-recognition
Initial Measurement of financial assets and liabilities
When a financial asset or financial liability is recognized initially, an enterprise should measure it at its cost, which is the fair value of the consideration given (in the case of an asset) or received (in the case of a liability) for it. Transaction costs are included in the initial measurement of all financial assets and liabilities.
The fair value of the consideration given or received normally is determinable by reference to the transaction price or other market prices. İf such market prices are not reliably determinable, the fair value of the consideration is estimated as the some of all future cash payments or receipts, discounted, if the effect of doing so would be material, using the prevailing market rates of interests for a similar instruments (similar as to currency, term, type of interest rate, and other factors) of an insurer with a similar credit rating.
Those designated at fair value thru P&L
Those continuing involvement in transferred asset, which is at amortized cost
Those arising from a continuing involvement in transferred asset, which is at fair value
All other financial liabilities
(eg. trade payable, bank loan)

37. IAS 39 Derivatives and Embedded Derivatives

38. Derivatives: Definition and Classification

39. Definition of Derivatives
A derivative is a financial instrument:
a) whose value changes in response to the change in a specified underlying;
b) that requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a similar response to changes in market factors; AND
c) that is settled at a future date.

40. Definition of Derivatives : Response to Changes in Underlyings
A financial instrument whose value changes in response to the change in a specified underlying:
Underlyings are defined as:
specified interest rate
security price
commodity price
foreign exchange rate
index of prices or rates
a credit rating or credit index
other variables

41. Definition of Derivatives: Examples
Type of Contract
1) Interest Rate Swap
2) Currency Swap
3) Commodity Swap
4) Equity Swap
5) Credit Swap
6) Purchased/written Treasury
Bond Option (call/put)
7) Purchased/written Currency
8) Purchased/written
Commodity Option (call/put)
Underlying Variable
Interest Rates
Currency Rates
Commodity Prices
Equity Prices (equity of another enterprise)
Credit Rating, Credit index or Credit price
Interest Rate

42. Definition of Derivatives : Examples (Continued)
Underlying Variable
Equity Prices (equity of another Enterprise)
Interest Rates
Currency Rates
Commodity Prices
Equity Prices (equity of another enterprise)
Type of Contract
9) Purchased / written Stock
Option (call / put)
10) Interest Rate Futures
Linked to Government
Debt (Treasury Futures)
11) Currency Futures
12) Commodity Futures
13) Currency Forward
14) Commodity Forward
15) Equity Forward

43. Classification of Derivatives
Instruments held for trading
Hedging instruments
Assets held for trading
Liabilities held for trading

44. Embedded Derivatives: Definition and Treatment

45. Definition : Embedded Derivatives
A component of a hybrid instrument that combines the derivative and a host contract
Example : Convertible bond
host contract = the bond
embedded derivative = call option on share
A derivative may be a component of a hybrid (combined) financial instrument. An embedded derivative should be separated from the host contract and accounted for as a derivative under this Standard if all of the following conditions are met:
Should you separate out the embedded and account for the two elements separately?

46. Embedded Derivatives: Evaluating When to Separate from a Host Contract
Is the contract
carried at fair
value through
earnings?
Would it be a
derivative if it
were freestanding?
Is it
closely related
to the host
contract?
Apply IAS 39* No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes
Do Not Apply IAS 39*
* to the embedded derivative

47. Embedded Derivatives: “Not Closely Related” - Examples
Asset linked bond: Debt host + credit derivative based on performance of asset
FX sales contract: Euro sales contract + foreign exchange swap (where currency in which contract is denominated is not functional currency of either party or currency in which commodity is generally traded)

48. Embedded Derivatives: What are the Consequences of Separation?
If separated:
Host contract: apply applicable IAS
Derivative: apply IAS 39 ie. fair value the derivative and it may qualify as a hedging instrument
If not required to separate:
Apply applicable IAS to the combined contract
If required to separate, but unable to measure the derivative:
The combined contract is treated as a financial instrument held for trading, carried at fair value, and does not qualify for hedge accounting

49. Embedded Derivatives : Impact of Separation
How should the initial carrying amounts of a host and embedded derivative be determined if separation is required?
Initial Carrying = Cost for the Hybrid Fair Value of Embedded
Amount of Host Instrument Derivative
Note: More than one embedded derivative may be separated from a host contract provided that they represent different risks.
Since the embedded derivative must be recorded at fair value with changes in fair value reported in net profit or loss, the initial carrying amount assigned to the host contract on separation is determined as the difference between the cost (fair value of the consideration given) for the hybrid (combined) instrument and the fair value of the embedded derivative.
It would be inappropriate to allocate the basis in the hybrid under IAS 39 to the derivative and non- derivative components based on their relative fair values, since that might result in an immediate gain or loss being recognised in net profit or loss on the subsequent measurement of the derivative at fair value.

50. IAS 39 Recognition

51. Recognition
An enterprise should recognise a financial asset or a financial liability on its balance sheet when, and only when, it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Consequence:
An enterprise recognizes all of its contractual rights or obligations under derivative contracts in its balance sheet as assets or liabilities

52. IAS 39 Derecognition

53. IAS 39: Derecognition
Provides guidance/conditions on derecognition of financial assets/liabilities.
Applicable to:
Securitisation transactions.
Debts/receivables factoring.
Refinancing of loans.

54. IASB Decision Tree
Consolidate all subsidiaries (including any SPE) [Paragraph 15]
Consolidate all subsidiaries (including any SPE) [Paragraph 15]
Determine whether the derecognition principles below are applied to a part or all of an asset (or group of similar assets) [Paragraph 16]
Yes
Has the entity transferred its contractual rights to receive the cash flows from the asset? [Paragraph 18(a)] No
Has the entity assumed an obligation to pay the cash flows from the asset that meets the conditions in paragraph 19? [Paragraph 18(b)] No
Continue to recognise the asset
Yes
Has the entity transferred substantially all risks and rewards? [Paragraph 20(a)]
Yes
Derecognise the asset No
Has the entity retained substantially all risks and rewards? [Paragraph 20(b)]
Yes
Continue to recognise the asset
- Removed ambiguity compared to original draft and ED
- Reemphasise consolidated level as well as solo
- Reemphasise risks and rewards test before control test
- Two tough hurdles 19c and 20c(ii) which we will come onto
- Raise question which we will come onto later- how will structures in UK currently achiving Linked presentation be treated under this tree
-This tree is copyright of IASB No
Has the entity retained control of the asset? [Paragraph 20(c)] No
Derecognise the asset
Yes
Continue to recognise the asset to the extent of the entity’s continuing involvement

55. IAS 39: Derecognition of Financial assets
De-recognize a financial asset when and only when:
Primary Condition - Transfer of Assets
Contractual rights to the cash flows expire; or
Entity transfers the financial assets
Transfers the contractual rights to receive cash flows; or
Retains the contractual rights to receive cash flows, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay cash flows to eventual recipients ( Para 18.b) In such case, if and only if, all of the following conditions are met ( Para.19 )
Entity is not obligated to pay amounts to eventual recipients unless it collects equivalent amounts from the original asset;
Entity is prohibited from selling/pledging the original asset other than as security
Entity is obligated to remit any cash flows it collects on behalf of the eventual recipients without material delay.

56. IAS 39: De-recognition - transfers of financial asset
Secondary Condition – Significant
Qualify for de-recognition if the entity:
Has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership; or
Has not retained control of the asset, in the case if entity has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership
Do not qualify for de-recognition if the entity:
Has retained substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership; or
Has retained control of the asset, in the case if entity has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership (also known as continuing involvement)

57. IAS 39: Derecognition of Financial Liabilities
A financial liability should be removed from the balance sheet when, and only when, it is
extinguished
discharged
released
expired

58. Derecognition : Financial Liabilities
The conditions for de-recognition are met when either:
(i) the debtor discharges the liability by paying the creditor, normally with cash, other financial assets, goods, or services; or
(ii) the debtor is legally released from primary responsibility for the
liability (or part thereof) either by process of law or by the
creditor (the fact that the debtor may have given a guarantee
does not necessarily mean that this condition is not met).
The condition is not met when payment is made to a third party (in substance defeasance) unless there is legal release of the debtor’s obligation to the creditor.
Derecognition of a financial liability
An enterprise should remove a financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) from its balance sheet when, and only when, it is extinguished – that is, when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled, or expires.

59. Derecognition : Financial Liabilities
An exchange between an existing borrower and lender of debt instruments with substantially different terms/modification of terms should be accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of new liability.
The terms are substantially different if the discounted present value of the cash flows under the new terms, including any fees paid net of any fees received and discounted using the original effective interest rate is at least 10% different from the discounted PV of the remaining cash flows of the original liability.
If accounted as extinguishment, any costs and fees incurred are recognised as part of the gain or loss on the extinguishment.
If not accounted as extinguishment, any costs or fees incurred adjust the carrying value of the liability and are amortised over the remaining term of the modified liability.
Derecognition of a financial liability
An enterprise should remove a financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) from its balance sheet when, and only when, it is extinguished – that is, when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled, or expires.

60. IAS 39 Hedging and Hedge Accounting

61. Hedging : Definitions
Hedging for accounting purposes means designating one or more hedging instruments so that their change in fair value is an offset, in whole or in part, to the change in fair value or cash flows of a hedged item.
Hedge effectiveness is the degree to which offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to a hedged risk are achieved by the hedging instrument.

62. Hedged Item : Definition
A hedged item is an asset, liability, firm commitment, or forecasted future transaction that :
exposes the enterprise to risk of changes in fair value or changes in future cash flows;
and that
for hedge accounting purposes, is designated as being hedged.

63. Hedged Item : What Items Can Be Hedged?
Recognised assets and liabilities - eg. bonds, loans
Unrecognised firm commitments - eg. lease rentals, firm contracts
Highly probable future transactions - eg. future sales and purchases
A net investment in a foreign operation

64. Hedging : Permitted Hedging Strategies
Transaction based hedging: single risk (ie. foreign exchange or interest rate risk) hedged by a single hedging instrument
Single hedging instrument hedging more than one identifiable type of risk (eg. cross-currency interest rate swaps)
Portfolios of assets or liabilities which share the same risk exposure
Combinations of hedging instruments (provided that they only offset the risks of the hedged items)

65. Hedge Accounting : What Conditions Are Necessary?
Formal documentation (hedging relationship and risk management objectives and strategy)
Hedge is expected to be highly effective
Effectiveness of the hedge can be measured and is assessed on an ongoing basis throughout the financial reporting period
Hedged forecasted transactions must be highly probable and must present an exposure to variations in cash flows that ultimately affect reported net profit or loss
Hedge accounting is allowed if and only if all of the following conditions are met :
a) At the inception of the hedge there is formal documentation of:company’s risk management objectives,
goals (fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, firm commitment, forecasted transactions) the enterprise plans to accomplish through undertaking hedge transactions,
strategy for undertaking the hedge (hedging e.g. X% of sales during the period T when employing specific instruments/
strategies)
b) Expectation that hedging will be:
highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk,
consistent with the originally documented risk management strategy for that particular hedging relationship;
c) The effectiveness of the hedge can be reliably measured, that is, the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item and the fair value of the hedging instrument can be reliably measured;
hedging relationships (they must be clearly defined - hedged risk should be offset by derivative and hedging relationships must be reliably measured).
d) The effectiveness of the hedge was assessed on an ongoing basis and determined actually to have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting period (at least at the end of the year and dates on which half year reports are prepared) - (principal 80/125);
e) In case of cash flow hedge the hedging forecasted transaction should be:
highly probable,
must present an exposure to variations in cash flows that could ultimately affect reported net profit or loss.

66. Hedge Accounting : Documentation Requirements
The hedging documentation dealing with hedges against particular risks should be formal and include the following elements:
nature of hedging relationship
risk management objective and strategy for undertaking hedge
identification of the hedging instrument
identification of the related hedged item or transaction
the nature of the risk being hedged (particular risk)
description of how the enterprise will assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item’s fair value or the hedged transaction’s cash flows that is attributable to the hedged risk.

67. Hedge Accounting : Assessing Hedge Effectiveness
A hedge is highly effective if
changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedging instrument
changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged item
HIGHLY
OFFSET
Initial expectation must be that they “almost fully offset”
Actual offsetting within a range of 80% to 125% is acceptable
Method of assessing hedge effectiveness depends on the documented risk management strategy
No single method for assessing hedge effectiveness is prescribed, but time value of money should be considered

68. Types of Hedging Relationships

69. Hedge Accounting : Types of Hedging Relationships
FAIR VALUE
CASH FLOW
INVESTMENT IN
FOREIGN ENTITY
HEDGING
RELATIONSHIPS
IAS 39 distinguishes three types of hedging relationships:
fair value hedge: a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability, or an identified portion of such an asset or liability, that is attributable to a particular risk and that will affect reported net income;
cash flow hedge: a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that (i) is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability (such as all or some future interest payments on variable rate debt) or a forecasted transaction (such as an anticipated purchase or sale) and that (ii) will affect reported net profit or loss.
hedge of a net investment in a foreign entity as defined in IAS 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates .

70. Net Investments in Foreign Operations (IAS 21)
IAS 39: Hedges
Floating-Rate Assets FX-Denominated Fixed-Rate Assets
Floating-Rate Liabilities Firm commitments Fixed-Rate Liabilities
Forecasted Transactions Firm Commitments
FX-Denominated FX-Denominated
Forecasted Transactions Securities
FX-Denominated
Receivables/Payables
Net Investments in Foreign Operations (IAS 21)
Fair
Value
Hedges
Cash
Flow
Hedges
Foreign
Currency
Hedges

71. Hedge Accounting : Types of Hedging Relationships
1. Fair value hedge - hedge of the variability of changes in fair value of a recognised asset or liability or a firm commitment ( previously cash flow hedge )
(e.g. an interest rate swap that hedges the risk that the fair value of a fixed rate bond will fluctuate, or a hedge of a firm commitment to buy an asset at a fixed price)
2. Cash flow hedge - hedge of exposure to variability in cash flows on a recognized asset or liability, or a forecasted transaction
(e.g.. an interest rate swap that hedges the risk that the cash flows on a variable rate bond will fluctuate, or a hedge of a forecasted purchase /sale of asset)
3. Hedge of a net investment in foreign operations (IAS 21)

72. Definition of a Fair Value Hedge
A fair value hedge is:
“a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or a firm commitment, or an identified portion of such an asset or liability, that is attributable to a particular risk and that will affect reported net income”
Key issues:
hedged asset or liability must be recognized on balance sheet
hedged risk must give rise to a risk of changes in fair value of hedged asset or liability

73. Definition of a Cash Flow Hedge
a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that:
is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability (such as all or some future interest payments on variable rate debt) or a forecasted transaction (such as an anticipated purchase or sale) and that
will affect reported net profit or loss.

74. Hedge of a Firm Commitment
A hedge of a firm commitment:
Represents a fair value exposure
Except for
A hedge of the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment which could be accounted for as a fair value hedge or as a cash flows hedge.

75. Hedge accounting: Hedges of a Net Investment in a Foreign Operations
Hedges of net investments in a foreign operations, including a hedge of a monetary item that is accounted for as part of the net investment, should be accounted for in the same way as cash flow hedges:
the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is effective should be recognized in equity
the ineffective portion should be reported immediately in net profit or loss
The effective portion’s gain / loss recognized in equity should be recognized in profit or loss upon disposal of foreign operations

76. Hedge Accounting - Summary
Hedge accounting is a privilege not a right
Designation and documentation are essential prior to beginning hedge accounting
Common hedging strategies, including macro hedging and use of internal derivatives, may not be permitted
Only derivatives can be designated as hedging instruments other than for foreign exchange risk, where non-derivative instruments can be used
Hedge accounting is available for recognized assets and liabilities, firm commitments and forecasted transactions

77. Questions and Answers