1. MAC layer Taekyoung Kwon

2. Media access in wireless - start with IEEE 802.11 In wired link, –Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection –send as soon as the medium is free, listen into the medium if a collision occurs (original method in IEEE 802.3) In wireless –Signal strength decreases in proportional to at least square of the distance –Collision detection only at receiver –Half-duplex mode –Furthermore, CS is not possible after propagation range

3. Hidden terminal problem Hidden terminals –A sends to B, C cannot receive A –C wants to send to B, C senses a “ free ” medium (CS fails) –collision at B, A cannot receive the collision (CD fails) –A is “ hidden ” for C ABC

4. Exposed terminal problem Exposed terminals –B sends to A, C wants to send to D –C has to wait, CS signals a medium in use –but A is outside the radio range of C, thus waiting is not necessary –C is “ exposed ” to B ABCD

5. Multiple access methods FDMA TDMA CDMA SDMA

6. ALOHA, Slotted-ALOHA Mechanism –random, distributed (no central arbiter), time-multiplex –Slotted Aloha additionally uses time-slots, sending must always start at slot boundaries Aloha Slotted Aloha sender A sender B sender C collision sender A sender B sender C collision t t

7. MACA (multiple access collision avoidance) MACA (Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) uses short signaling packets for collision avoidance –RTS (request to send): a sender request the right to send from a receiver with a short RTS packet before it sends a data packet –CTS (clear to send): the receiver grants the right to send as soon as it is ready to receive aka, virtual carrier sense

8. MACA operation MACA avoids the problem of hidden terminals –A and C want to send to B –A sends RTS first –C waits after receiving CTS from B MACA avoids the problem of exposed terminals –B wants to send to A, C to another terminal –now C does not have to wait for it cannot receive CTS from A A B C RTS CTS A B C RTS CTS RTS CTS

9. PRMA Implicit reservation (PRMA - Packet Reservation MA) –a certain number of slots form a frame, frames are repeated –stations compete for empty slots according to the slotted aloha principle –once a station reserves a slot successfully, this slot is automatically assigned to this station in all following frames as long as the station has data to send –competition for this slots starts again as soon as the slot was empty in the last frame frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 12345678time-slot collision at reservation attempts ACDABA F AC ABA A BAF A BAF D ACEEBAFD t ACDABA-F AC-ABAF- A---BAFD ACEEBAFD reservation

10. IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN infrastructure network ad-hoc network AP wired network AP: Access Point

11. 802.11 infrastructure mode Station (STA) –terminal with access mechanisms to the wireless medium and radio contact to the access point Basic Service Set (BSS) –group of stations using the same radio frequency Access Point –station integrated into the wireless LAN and the distribution system Portal –bridge to other (wired) networks Distribution System –interconnection network to form one logical network (ESS: Extended Service Set) based on several BSS Distribution System Portal 802.x LAN Access Point 802.11 LAN BSS 2 802.11 LAN BSS 1 Access Point STA 1 STA 2 STA 3 ESS

12. 802.11 MAC requirements

13. 802.11 MAC Traffic services –Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory) exchange of data packets based on “ best-effort ” support of broadcast and multicast –Time-Bounded Service (optional) implemented using PCF (Point Coordination Function) Access methods –DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory) collision avoidance via randomized back-off mechanism minimum distance between consecutive packets ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts) –DFWMAC-DCF w/ RTS/CTS (optional) Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC avoids hidden terminal problem –DFWMAC- PCF (optional) access point polls terminals according to a list

14. 802.11 layers PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Protocol –clear channel assessment signal (carrier sense) PMD Physical Medium Dependent –modulation, coding PHY Management –channel selection, MIB Station Management –coordination of all management functions MAC –access mechanisms, fragmentation, encryption MAC Management –synchronization, roaming, MIB, power management

16. Infrastructure mode mobile terminal access point fixed terminal application TCP 802.11 PHY 802.11 MAC IP 802.3 MAC 802.3 PHY application TCP 802.3 PHY 802.3 MAC IP 802.11 MAC 802.11 PHY LLC infrastructure network LLC

17. 802.11 MAC Priorities –defined through different inter frame spaces –no guaranteed, hard priorities –SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing) highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response –PIFS (PCF IFS) medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF –DIFS (DCF, Distributed Coordination Function IFS) lowest priority, for asynchronous data service t medium busy SIFS PIFS DIFS next framecontention direct access if medium is free  DIFS

18. 802.11 CSMA/CA t medium busy DIFS next frame contention window (randomized back-off mechanism) –station ready to send starts sensing the medium (Carrier Sense based on CCA, Clear Channel Assessment) –if the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame Space (IFS), the station can start sending (IFS depends on service type) –if the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS, then the station must additionally wait a random back-off time (collision avoidance, multiple of slot-time) –if another station occupies the medium during the back-off time of the station, the back-off timer stops (fairness) slot time direct access if medium is free  DIFS

19. 802.11 CSMA/CA: contention resolution t busy bo e station 1 station 2 station 3 station 4 station 5 packet arrival at MAC DIFS bo e busy elapsed backoff time bo r residual backoff time busy medium not idle (frame, ack etc.) bo r DIFS bo e bo r DIFS busy DIFS bo e busy bo e bo r

20. 802.11 CSMA/CA: detailed Sending unicast packets –station has to wait for DIFS before sending data –receivers acknowledge at once (after waiting for SIFS) if the packet was received correctly (CRC) –automatic retransmission of data packets in case of transmission errors t SIFS DIFS data ACK waiting time other stations receiver sender data DIFS contention

21. 802.11: RTS & CTS Sending unicast packets –station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS (reservation determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium) –acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive) –sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK –other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and CTS t SIFS DIFS data ACK defer access other stations receiver sender data DIFS contention RTS CTS SIFS NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS)

22. 802.11 beaconing (infrastructure mode) beacon interval t medium access point busy B BBB value of the timestamp B beacon frame

23. 802.11 beaconing (ad hoc mode) t medium station 1 busy B1B1 beacon interval busy B1B1 value of the timestamp B beacon frame station 2 B2B2 B2B2 random delay