1. Non-parametric Statistics EDRS 5305 Educational Research & Statistics

2. When to Use Non-parametric statistics are used when: 1data are not normal (i.e., not normally distributed) 2assumptions inherent in parametric statistics are not met

3. Chi-Square ÊA non-parametric technique used to analyze the results of research in which categorical data are present. ËA most versatile and popular non- parametric method.

4. Chi-Square ÊDifferent types of chi-square tests but all deal with frequencies, proportions, or percentages. Ë Types are: chi-square goodness-of-fit test; chi-square test of homogeneity of proportions; and a chi-square test of independence.

5. Requirements for a Chi-square ÙFrequency data must be used (e.g., counts of persons or events) ÙExpected value in any cell should never be less than 5 ÙSum of observed frequencies must equal the sum of the expected frequencies ÙEach score must be independent of every other score

6. Sample Research Question What is the effect of gender on seating preference among college students? In this question, gender is dichotomous, seating preference was a 5-item Likert question (front; left side; right side; middle; back). Chi-square table would be a 2 x 5.

7. Sample Research Question What is the effect of theoretical orientation on instructional units taught among classroom teachers? In this question, theoretical orientation was categorical and instructional units taught was categorical.