1. Life Span and the Environment College of Public and Community Service University of Massachusetts at Boston ©2011 William Holmes 1

2.  Imitation  Learning rules—syntax, semantics, pragmatics  Using fast mapping  Developing phonology  Having receptive language  Learning expressive language 2

3.  Bilingual development  Acquiring second language  Adjusting to second culture  Continued use of primary language  Continued development of secondary language 3 Hi! Allo!

4.  Instruction in both languages  Interpreter role for family members  Language subcultures  Language problems 4 Holla! Yo!

5.  Encouraging development  Controlling development  Reassuring development  Influencing shame and self-doubt  Providing reciprocal interaction  Providing context for interpreting 5

6.  Parent age, personality, life stage influences  Child age, health, gender, responsiveness  Family context—other adults, other children, socioeconomic status, culture, neighborhood 6

7.  Authoritarian—withdrawal, hostility, unachieving, low competence  Authoritative—independent, friendly, achieving, competent  Permissive—impulsive, low self- reliance, immature, aggressive, poor boundaries, low competence 7

8.  Role modeling, imitation, and value setting  Caregiving  Helping/rivalry  Warning and instruction  Interpreting  Providing sibling underworld 8

9.  Parenting disruption—conflict, blaming economic stress, less caregiving  Attachment disruption  Aggression and depression in children  Colored by cognitive immaturity  Separation anxiety and abandonment fears 9

10.  Changing roles and responsibilities  Decreased fathering  More latchkey children  More use of Au Pairs, Nannies, and baby sitting  More use of day care 10

11.  More behavior problems  More independence  Need to maintain cognitive stimulation  Need to maintain nurturing and attachment 11

12.  Physical awareness  Looking glass self  Naming  Likes and dislikes  Temperament 12

13.  Activities  Relationships  Role in family  Role in society  Autobiographical narrative 13

14.  Biology  Social learning  Cognitive identification  Gender schemas  Psychoanalytic issues 14

15.  Parental socialization  Sibling socialization  Peer influence  Media influence  Social control influences 15

16.  Unoccupied play  Solitary plan  Onlooker play  Parallel play  Associative play  Cooperative play 16

17.  Cognitive development  Emotional development  Role practicing  Role alternatives  Wishful thinking 17

18.  Stress reduction  Self-esteem building  Social interaction development  Outlet for emotions  Strategy development 18