1. TCE-Virginia Tech Seminar Emerging Issues in Energy Solutions October 30, 2009 Roop L. Mahajan Tucker Chair Professor Director, ICTAS mahajanr@vt.edu

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3. What does it mean? To summarize  In an age of Hyper-Communication  In a Global but Crowded Village  In a Technology Age of Unprecedented Power What are the energy implications of this paper-to-pixel revolution?

4. The Energy implications of hyper communication  Data centers required to run the internet, to transmit data, safeguard it, mine it..…  Data servers require lot of energy  They are the hidden internet energy hogs  “ Virginia-based Dominion Power estimates that by 2012 fully ten percent of all the electricity it sends to Virginia will be gobbled up by these centers” Kent Garber, posted March 24, 2009

5. Demographics, prosperity and energy demand Source: msd-energy-croatia.ppt

6. The Energy implications of increasing prosperity? 40% of the world’s population is in the fast developing regions. Primary energy per capita (GJ) GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) Energy demand and GDP per capita (1980-2002) As GDP increases, so does the demand for energy

7. The Net Result..  an increase in worldwide increase in energy demand  almost by 50% by 2030 ( international energy agency) [www.energiekrise.de & Kyoto Protocol]

8. Expanding energy demand Energy Gap 2050: 14 TW 2100: 34 TW 1 TW= 1,000 GW How do we meet this gap? Not by building new power plants Building one 1-GW power plant/day will take 38 years !! EIA Intl Energy Outlook 2004 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883,1998; msd-energy-croatia.ppt

9. Who wants this? Price of inaction

10. And who is not worried about this ? J. R. Petit et al, Nature 399, 429, 1999 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 http://www.ipcc.ch N. Oreskes, Science 306, 1686, 2004 D. A. Stainforth et al, Nature 433, 403, 2005 Climate Change 2001: T he Scientific Basis, Fig 2.22 1200 1000 1400 1600 1800 2000 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 Year AD Atmospheric CO 2 (ppmv) Temperature (°C) - 1.5 - 1.0 - 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -- CO 2 -- Global Mean Temp 300 400 500 600 700 800 - 8 - 4 0 + 4 400 300 200 100 Thousands of years before present (Ky BP) 0  T relative to present (°C) CH 4 (ppmv) -- CO 2 -- CH 4 --  T 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 CO 2 (ppmv) CO 2 in 2004: 380 ppmv Tipping points on temperature and CO 2 level indicate urgency

11. There is alternative to meeting the energy needs of a Hot, Flat & Crowded Planet  Energy through renewable sources Solar Wind Geothermal Biofuels Environment

12. The Sun: Our Ultimate Energy Source Energy in Sunlight and Heat 1.2 x 10 5 TW delivered to Earth 36,000 TW on land (world) Earth’s Ultimate Recoverable Resource of oil 3 Trillion (=Tera) Barrels 1.7 x 10 22 Joules 1.5 days of sunlight San Francisco Earthquake (1906) magnitude 7.8 10 17 Joules 1 second of sunlight Annual Human Production of Energy 4.6 x 10 20 Joules 1 hour of sunlight Source: msd-energy-croatia.ppt

13. Renewable energy to play a key role Source: International Energy Agency

14. There is an alternative..  However, to meet this goal, we need optimization of the whole value added chain of energy  Conversion  Transport  Storage  Consumers’ utilization  We will need innovation & technological breakthrough  Nanotechnology to play a key role  No single solution, will vary from nation to nation

15. nanotechnology and energy.  Important role in the development of both conventional and renewable energy sources  Nano-coated, wear-resistant drill probes  High-duty nanomaterials for lighter & more rugged rotor blades of wind and tide power plants  Wear and corrosion protection layers for mechanically stressed components  Alternate thin layer and organic polymer solar cells  Increase in efficiency of c-Si solar cells through antireflection layers  Nano-optimized membranes for separation and storage of carbon dioxide  Light weight construction materials for automobile industry- lower fuel consumption  Nanoporous thermal insulation  Nanostructured electrodes, catalysts and membranes for increased yield from fuel cells  …….

16. In closing..  “The supreme reality of our time is the vulnerability of the planet.” - John F. Kennedy, June 28, 1963 President’s address before a Joint Session of the Dail and Seanad, Dublin, Ireland.  More true today than ever before  Meeting expanding energy needs a major challenge  Plenty of energy sources from “heaven”  Technological solutions for optimizing the whole chain of energy - development, conversion, transport, consumption  NEED CONCERTED EFFORT! one step at a time..or perhaps lighting one diya at a time !!

18. TCE-Virginia Tech Seminar October 30, 2009 Emerging Issues in Energy Solutions THANK YOU !! Roop L. Mahajan Tucker Chair Professor Director, ICTAS mahajanr@vt.edu