1. Natalie Brown Kshithij Shrinath Kenyon Smutherman

2. $74000 552 kWh $9300 259 kWh $1400 2400 kWh

3. How does a country’s level of economic development affect its renewable energy production?

4. Linear Inverse U-shaped Developing countries produce more U-shaped Developing countries produce less

6. Low/middle-income - vulnerability to climate change High-income - energy stability Oil price increases and volatility Supply-side factors

7. Benefits difficult to quantify High fixed and initial capital costs Urbanizing countries tend toward fossil fuels Financing mechanisms unavailable in low-income and middle-income countries High-income countries entrenched in fossil fuels US $41 billion in subsidies to oil and gas

9. From the World Development Indicators Independent variable: log GDP per capita (PPP) in constant 2005 US$ Dependent variable: electricity produced from renewable sources (kWh) per capita (includes nuclear) 1990 to 2009 2519 observations from 131 countries

11. Simple regression Country and year fixed-effects Geography – land area, forest area, agricultural land Population – density, rural percentage Trade – imports/exports Political indicators - European Union, OECD, regime type

13. Note the coefficients

14. Linear and U-shaped hypotheses significant at 1% level throughout all models Linear more correct from descriptive data U-shape only in underdeveloped category Developed countries significantly outpace others Developing similar level to underdeveloped

16. Renewable energy is a normal good Fairly intuitive Underdeveloped and developing countries in trouble 33% of greenhouse gas usage, 75% of damage Adaptation more practical than mitigation Internalize the social costs of fossil fuels and social benefits of renewable energy Correct the externality

17. We Are (Intercultural and Environmentally Conscious) Georgetown!