1. Abnormal Psychology (Chapter 18) Second Lecture Outline : Dissociative Disorders Depression and Mood Disorders Suicide (Interview tape)

2. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss for specific events or people Fugue: Total memory loss after stress, relocation and starting a new life Dissociative Identity Disorder (MPD) –two or more identities that coexist –associated with child trauma such as abuse –abused children “leave their bodies” –hearing voices

3. Mood Disorders Unipolar depression 10-20% depressed at some point in life multiple causes low self-esteem, loss of motivation, pessimism women > men Bipolar disorder 1% of population genetically mediated depressive and manic symptoms mania related to high energy and shifts of attention

4. Symptoms of depression Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood Loss of interest or pleasure in activities Restlessness, irritability, crying Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness Sleeping disruption, early-morning awakening Appetite and/or weight loss or overeating and weight gain Decreased energy, fatigue, feeling "slowed down" Thoughts of death or suicide Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions

5. Causes of Depression Psychodynamic: Intrapsychic conflict –anger at other turned inward after loss Behavioral: Learned helplessness due to uncontrollable punishment. Dogs. Cognitive: Beck’s errors in thinking –Arbitrary inference “They hate me.” –Selective abstraction “Lawn has weeds” –Overgeneralization “I am a failure” –Magnification, minimization, personalization

6. Psychophysiology of Depression Low levels of neurotransmitters are linked to depression Drugs affect serotonin reuptake (SRIs) Prozac Mania treated with lithium carbonate: mood-leveling drug Epinephrine decreased during depression -- hormonal factors

7. Biological basis: NMR Scans

8. Suicide Suicide rate 20 in 100,000 in the US 10 attempts for every “success” Men more successful because of lethal means (e.g., guns) as opposed to pills Suicide linked to depression, but sometimes follows it or unrelated Often rational, follows warnings, intent to die is unclear, cry for help