1. Marine Invertebrates

2. Marine Invertebrates Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
Kingdom Animalia (animals)
No vertebra (backbone)
97% of all animal species on earth

3. Phylogenetics Embryo cell division
Protostomes
(mouth first)
Deuterostomes
(mouth second)
Embryo cell division
simple  complex

4. Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry

5. Pelagic vs. Benthic Zones

6. Suspension vs. Deposit Feeding

7. Sponges Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”) Structurally simple
No true tissues or organs
Aggregate of 4+ kinds of cells
Most distinguishing – collar cell (filter feeding)
Spicules (CaCO3 or SiO2), spongin (protein mesh) internal skeleton
No symmetry (asymmetry)

8. Sponges Active suspension feeders (filter feeders) Benthic spongin

9. Sponges
Can reaggregate, regenerate

10. Sponges Reproduction: Asexual Break, regenerate Sexual Broadcast sperm
Internal fertilization
Planktonic larvae

11. Sponges Phylum Porifera – 3 classes: Class Calcarea (CaCO3 spicules)
Class Hexactinellida (SiO2 spicules, glass sponges)
Class Demospongiae (spongin, maybe SiO2 spicules, 95% of all sponges)

12. Sponges – Different Shapes
Flat, encrusting
Finger, rope
Tube, vase, barrel
Ball

13. Sponges – More Variety ← calcareous “fire”→

14. Glass Sponges Silicon spicules Deep-sea, cold

15. Long Island Sponges ← Red beard sponge (Microciona prolifera)
Finger sponge
(Haliclona oculata)
Tufted vase sponge
(Scypha ciliata)
← Boring sponge (Cliona sp.)

16. Cnidarians Phylum Cnidaria
Stinging cells (nematocysts) for defense and feeding
Radial symmetry
True tissues, but no organs
Planktonic (medusa) or benthic (polyp) – some alternate

17. Cnidarians Body orientation: Medusa – tentacles down Polyp –
tentacles up
Radial symmetry:
body with gut
central mouth
circle of tentacles

18. Cnidarians Tissue layers: Epidermis (outer)
Gastrodermis (inner, digestive)
Mesoglea (middle, jelly)
No organs

19. Cnidarians

20. Cnidarians Phylum Cnidaria – 4 classes:
Class Hydrozoa – hydroids, some jellyfish, siphonophores, “fire coral”
Class Cubozoa – box jellyfish
Class Scyphozoa – most jellyfish
Class Anthozoa – anemones, corals

21. Hydroids Pink-hearted hydroids (Tubuleria sp.)
Snail fur (Hydractinia echinata)→

22. Siphonophores http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/plankton.html

23. Hydrozoan Jellyfish Ribbed hydromedusa (Aequorea sp.) NOAA

24. Cubozoan Jellyfish

25. Scyphozoan Jellyfish Lion’s mane (Cyanea capillata)
Sea nettle (Chrysaora spp.)
NOAA
Moon jelly (Aurelia aurita)

26. Anemones Frilled anemone (Metridium senile)

27. Soft Hexacorals http://www.coralreefecosystems.com/images/blzoos.jpg

28. Tropical Reef-Building Corals
NOAA
NOAA

29. Temperate & Deep Reef Corals
(Acropora pruinosa – Japan)
(Oculina arbuscula – Atlantic to NC)
(Lophelia pertusa – North Atlantic, deep)
(Astrangia poculata/danae – Atlantic, inc. LI)

30. Octocorals

31. Cnidarian Reproduction
Spawning of eggs and sperm (Anthozoans)
Alternate between planktonic (sexual) and benthic (asexual) stages (other 3 classes)
All have planktonic ciliated larva (planula)

32. Comb Jellies Phylum Ctenophora Cilia combs (8 rows), prism effect
Sticky cells (colloblasts), usually on 2 tentacles

33. Comb Jellies Biradial symmetry (radial/bilateral)
True tissues, but not true organs
All marine, almost all planktonic
Important predators of
copepods and larval
organisms
Large numbers around
Long Island
Mnemiopsis leidyi

34. Comb Jellies
NOAA
NOAA

35. Phylogenetics Embryo cell division
Protostomes
(mouth first)
Deuterostomes
(mouth second)
Embryo cell division
simple  complex

36. Worms, Worms, and More Worms
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Ribbon worms (Nemertea)
Roundworms (Nematoda)
Peanut worms (Sipuncula)
Echiuran worms (Echiura)
Segmented worms (Annelida)

37. Flatworms Phylum Platyhelminthes
Simplest phylum with true organs, organ systems, bilateral symmetry
Central nervous system (brain)
No respiratory system (diffusion)
Incomplete digestive tract (food, waste through same opening)

38. Flatworms Turbellarians – free-living, colorful, mostly benthic

39. Flatworms Flukes, tapeworms – parasitic

40. Segmented Worms Phylum Annelida Segmented body
Circulatory system (some gills)
Mostly benthic
Most marine species are polychaetes (bristle worms)
Others:
Oligochaetes (earthworms)
Leeches

41. Segmented Worms Parapodia – appendages for locomotion Setae – bristles

42. Frozen methane hydrate with “ice worms”
Segmented Worms
Frozen methane hydrate with “ice worms”

43. Segmented Worms

44. Segmented Worms Hydrothermal vent, cold seep tube worms
Formerly Phylum Pogonophora
No mouth, gut, or digestive system
Absorb nutrients directly from water or from internal symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria

45. Segmented Worms

46. Segmented Worms Osedax mucofloris, bone (“zombie”) worm

47. Segmented Worms Leeches not as common in the ocean as freshwater