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Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,” 1871 - 1894
Chapter 23 Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,”
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Timeline
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The Growth of Industrial Prosperity: New Products & New Markets
Substitution of steel for iron Chemicals Electricity Thomas Edison ( ) and Joseph Swan – light bulb Alexander Graham Bell ( ) – telephone, 1876 Guglielmo Marconi ( ) – radio waves across the Atlantic, 1901 Transformation of factories Internal Combustion Engine Automobile and airplane Henry Ford ( ) – mass production Zeppelin airship, 1900 Wright brothers, 1903 New markets Increased wages Competition Tariffs and cartels Larger factories
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An Age of Progress
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New Patterns in an Industrial Economy
Economic Patterns, 1873 – 1914 Depression, 1873 – 1895 Economic boom, 1895 – 1914 German Industrial Leadership Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of Europe New areas of manufacturing European Economic Zones Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia The Spread of Industrialization Industrialization in Russia and Japan Emergence of a World Economy
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Map 23.1: The Industrial Regions of Europe by 1914
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Women and Work: New Job Opportunities
“Right to work” Ideal of Domesticity Sweatshops White-Collar Jobs Increase in white-collar jobs created a shortage of male workers opening up opportunities for women Secretaries and teachers Freedom from domestic patterns Prostitution
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New Jobs for Women: The Telephone Exchange
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Organizing the Working Class
Socialist Parties German Social Democratic Party (SPD) Effects of the growth of socialist parties Second International Two divisive issues: nationalism and revisionism Evolutionary Socialism Eduard Bernstein ( ) The Problem of Nationalism Variation of socialist parties from country to country The Role of Trade Unions National variations Unions and political parties The Anarchist Alternative Michael Bakunin
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“Proletarians of the World, Unite”
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Emergence of a Mass Society
Population Growth Decline in the death rate Medical discoveries and environmental conditions Improved publication sanitation Improved nutrition Emigration Economic motives Political motives
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Table 23.2: European Emigration, 1876 – 1910
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Map 23.2: Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900
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Transformation of the Urban Environment
Urbanization of Europe Improving Living Conditions Reformers: Edwin Chadwick and Rudolf Virchow Pointed to relationship between living conditions and disease Buildings begin to be inspected for problems Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain Clean water into the city Expulsion of sewage Housing Needs Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of living conditions to political and moral health of the nation Government support Redesigning the Cities
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Working-Class Housing in London
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The Social Structure of the Mass Society
The Upper Classes 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy Common bonds The Middle Classes Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class Professionals White-collar workers Middle-class values came to dominate The Lower classes 80 percent of the European population Agriculture Urban working class: Skilled, semiskilled, unskilled workers
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A Middle-Class Family
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The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women
Traditional Values Marriage the only honorable and available career Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth control Middle-Class and Working-Class Families Domesticity Leisure time and holiday traditions Daughters of working class families worked until married 1890 – 1914: higher paying jobs made it possible to live on husband’s wages Limit size of the family Reduced work week
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Education in the Mass Society
Expansion of Secondary Education Universal Elementary Education States began to offer public education States assumed the responsibility for teacher training Liberal Beliefs About Education Personal and social development Needs of industrialization Need for an educated electorate Differences in education of boys and girls Female Teachers Increased Literacy Growth of Newspapers
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Mass Leisure Amusement Parks Music and Dance Halls
Thomas Cook ( ) Pioneer of mass tourism Sports Became organized with rules Professional sports
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Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy
Reform in Britain: William Gladstone Reform Act of 1867: Suffrage extended Redistribution Act of 1885: Reorganized the election boroughs Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons, 1911 More people could run for office Reform in France Universal male suffrage in 1871 Radical republicans formed an independent government The Commune: Fighting between the Commune and the government Louis Michel (1830 – 1905) Establishment of the Third Republic, 1875 Italy Had pretensions of great power status Sectional differences in Italy Chronic turmoil beyond the government’s control
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Central & Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order
Germany Trappings of parliamentary government 1871 constitution Emperor commands the military in Prussian tradition Bismarck’s conservatism Kulturkampf Social Democratic Party, Social welfare programs Austria-Hungary Austrian constitution of 1867 Problem of minorities worsened with universal male suffrage, 1907 Russia Alexander III, : Overturns reform and returns to repressive measures Nicholas II, : Believed in absolute rule
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Discussion Questions How did European governments respond to the new economic patterns of the late nineteenth century? What factors contributed to working-class solidarity? What factors worked against solidarity? Why did Marx oppose “evolutionary socialism”? Why was the “old order” so persistent in Central and Eastern Europe? What were the key characteristics of “mass society”?
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Web Links Nineteenth-Century British Public Health Overview
National Archives: Citizenship: A History of People, Rights, and Power in Britain National Archives: Power, Politics, and Protest The Victorian Web The Second Industrial Revolution: Primary Sources Marxist Internet Archive
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