1. NEXT Street battles in Paris, July 1830, helped end Bourbon Restoration and established July Monarchy of King Louis Philippe. Oil, Victor Schnetz. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900 Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, nationalist revolutions sweep through Latin America and Europe. Bold new movements emerge in the arts.

2. NEXT Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900 Map SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Latin American Peoples Win Independence Europe Faces Revolutions CASE STUDY: Nationalism Revolutions in the Arts Chart

3. NEXT Section 1 Latin American Peoples Win Independence Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fight colonial rule.

4. NEXT Colonial Society Divided Latin American Peoples Win Independence A Race and Class System Latin America has social classes that determine jobs and authority: Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial government, society Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can become army officers Mestizos have both European and Indian ancestry (7%) Mulattos—Have both European and African ancestry (8%) Slaves (Africans 6%), Indians (56%) are at the bottom of society SECTION 1

5. NEXT Revolutions in the Americas (Encouraged Latin Americans to try to gain freedom from European Masters) SECTION 1 Revolution in Haiti Haiti is first Latin American territory to gain freedom Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt against French (August 1791) 1801 Toussaint takes control & frees all slaves 1802 French agree to end slavery Toussaint is accused of planning another uprising, is arrested and eventually dies in French prison (Alps) in 1803 Haiti’s Independence Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue a country in 1804 Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win independence Renamed Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the Arawak language Image

6. NEXT Creoles Lead Independence SECTION 1 The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American revolutionaries Napoleon’s conquest of Spain triggered revolts Creoles may have supported a Spanish King, but had no loyalty to Napoleon’s brother Used Locke’s idea of consent of the governed (power shifted to people when king was removed) Creole Leaders Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean revolutionary forces Continued... Map Image

7. NEXT Bolívar’s Route to Victory Venezuela declares independence in 1811; Bolívar wins war by 1821 Bolivar marches into Ecuador where he met Jose de San Martin continued Creoles Lead Independence SECTION 1 San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces Argentina independent in 1816 San Martín helps free Chile (1817) Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive Spanish out of Peru in 1824 Future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia

8. NEXT Mexico Ends Spanish Rule (Violent Revolution) SECTION 1 A Cry for Freedom Padre Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches Mexican revolt (1810) 80,000 Indian and mestizo followers march on Mexico City (uprising of lower class) Spanish army & Creole feared loss of property, control of land & lives (Army defeated Hidalgo) José María Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses Mexico’s Independence Mexican creoles react; Iturbide (defeated Morelos 1815) declares Mexico independent (1821) In 1823, Central America breaks away from Mexico (Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, & Costa Rica) Image

9. NEXT Brazil’s Royal Liberator SECTION 1 A Bloodless Revolution Napoleon invades Portugal; royal family (King John VI) moves to Brazil (1807) Portuguese court returns to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat (1815) Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays behind in Brazil -accepts Brazilians’ request to rule their new country -officially declares Brazil’s independence (September 1822) By 1830, nearly all Latin American regions win independence Interactive

10. NEXT Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe. Section 2 Europe Faces Revolutions

11. NEXT Clash of Philosophies Europe Faces Revolutions Three Philosophies In early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in Europe Conservative—wealthy landowners, nobility wanted to protect traditional monarchies of Europe Liberal—wealthy merchants, business owners wanted more power for elected parliaments but only the educated and landowners would vote (limited democracy) Radical—favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people want everyone to have a vote Believed government should practice ideals of French Revolution—in liberty, equality, and brotherhood; SECTION 2

12. NEXT Nationalism Develops Nationalism and Nation-States Nationalism—loyalty to nation of people with common culture and history not to a king/empire Nation-state—nation with its own independent government (defends the nation’s territory, way of life, and represents the nation to the rest of the world) In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain are nation-states Liberals and radicals support nationalism; conservatives do not SECTION 2

13. NEXT Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power Greeks Gain Independence Balkans—region of Europe controlled by Ottomans in early 1800s Greece gets European help (British, French, & Russians) to gain independence from Turks(1830) SECTION 2 1830s Uprisings Crushed Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian empire Liberals hold power for short time, lose to conservatives by 1849

14. NEXT Radicals Change France Conservative Defeat In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy & flees to Great Britain (replaced by Louis-Philippe) SECTION 2 The Third Republic In 1848, Paris mob overthrows monarchy, sets up republic Radicals split by infighting; moderates control new government 1848 constitution calls for a strong president and parliament elected by the people France Accepts a Strong Ruler Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon’s nephew—elected president (Dec. 1848) Later takes the title of Emperor Napoleon III, promotes industrialization and France experiences prosperity Image

15. NEXT Reform in Russia Serfdom in Russia Czars fail to free serfs because they fear losing landowners’ support SECTION 2 Defeat Brings Change Russia’s lack of industrialization/transportation leads to military defeat in Crimean War (lost to France, G.B., & Ottomans) Alexander II—czar who determines to make social and economic changes Reform and Reaction In 1861, czar frees serfs, but debt to pay for land keeps them on the same land Reform halts when Alexander II is assassinated by terrorists in 1881 Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages industrialization and tightened czarist control

16. Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe. NEXT Section 3 Nationalism CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany

17. NEXT Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity Two Views of Nationalism Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation- states Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects -Three different types of nationalist movements: -unification merges politically divided but culturally similar lands -separation splits off culturally distinct groups -state-building binds separate cultures into one SECTION 3 Nationalism CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany

18. NEXT Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires (mixture of ethnic groups) The Breakup of the Austrian Empire Austria includes people from many ethnic groups 1866 Prussia defeats Austria in Austro-Prussian War Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria splits empire into Austria and Hungary -still ruled by emperor (called Austria-Hungary) The Russian Empire Crumbles After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over empire (Controls: Ukrainians, Poles, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Armenians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, & Turks) Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture -policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism SECTION 3 Continued... Map

19. NEXT The Ottoman Empire Weakens Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens empire (Control: Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, & Armenians) 1856 under pressure from France & Britain rulers grant equal citizenship to all groups, under their rule outraging Turks Ottoman Empire broke apart after WWI continued Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires SECTION 3

20. NEXT Cavour (Nationalism) Unites Italy Cavour Leads Italian Unification Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of kingdom of Sardinia in 1852 Gets French help to win control of Austrian- controlled Italian land Garibaldi Brings Unity Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy (gets help from Cavour) Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia Garibaldi steps aside, allowing king of Sardinia (King Victor Emmanuel II) to rule Control of Venetia (Venice), Papal States (Rome) finally unites Italy (Pope still governs Vatican City) SECTION 3 Interactive

21. NEXT Bismarck Unites Germany Prussia Leads German Unification Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany: -mainly German population -powerful army -creation of liberal constitution Nationalism unites Prussia SECTION 3 Continued...

22. NEXT Bismarck Takes Control Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners— support Prussian Wilhelm I Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister (Chosen by Wilhelm) Realpolitik—”politics of reality” power politics without room for idealism Bismarck defies Prussian parliament, takes over continued Bismarck Unites Germany SECTION 3 Prussia Expands Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia Image Continued...

23. NEXT Seven Weeks’ War (Prussia defeats Austria) Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time continued Bismarck Unites Germany SECTION 3 The Franco-Prussian War Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans Wilhelm is crowned kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance Germans called Empire the Second Reich Interactive

24. NEXT A Shift in Power Balance Is Lost In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe: (equal in power) -Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically France was in the middle SECTION 3

25. NEXT Section 4 Revolutions in the Arts Artistic and intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800s.

26. NEXT Revolutions in the Arts The Ideas of Romanticism Romanticism—interest in nature; preferring emotion, individuality Romanticism linked to folk traditions and nationalism SECTION 4 Continued... The Romantic Movement Romanticism in Literature Poetry, music, and painting are the arts best suited to romanticism Many British romantic poets believe nature is the source of beauty Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a great early romanticist A leading French romanticist writer is Victor Hugo Image

27. NEXT The Gothic Novel Gothic horror novels taking place in medieval castles become popular One of the earliest and most successful is Frankenstein SECTION 4 continued The Romantic Movement Composers Emphasize Emotion Composers abandon Enlightenment style of music Ludwig van Beethoven leads the way from Enlightenment to romanticism Some composers draw on literature or cultural themes

28. NEXT Realism Realism—art style attempting to depict life accurately Paintings and novels in this style show the working class The Shift to Realism in the Arts SECTION 4 Photographers Capture Reality Daguerreotypes, earliest photographs, are surprisingly real William Talbot invents negative, allows copies of a photograph Writers Study Society Charles Dickens and Honoré de Balzac write about society, class Some realist literature sparks reforms in working conditions Image

29. NEXT Impressionists React Against Realism A New Movement Impressionism—art style that tries to capture precise points in time SECTION 4 Life in the Moment Impressionists like Claude Monet portray life of rising middle class Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir also leading impressionists Impressionist composers use music to create mental pictures Image

30. This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.

31. BACK Print Slide Show 1. On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation Print Text Version 1. Click the Print Text button below; a text file will open in Adobe Acrobat 2. On the File menu, select Print 3. Click the Print button to print the entire document, or select the pages you want to print Print Text